| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Boolean expression | An expression that evaluates to either true or false, used to control the execution of loops and conditional statements. |
| Boolean value | Data values that can only be true or false, used in logical operations and conditional statements. |
| object reference | A value that points to the memory location where an object is stored, allowing access to that object. |
| primitive data type | Basic data types in Java such as int, double, boolean, and char that are not objects. |
| reference type | A data type that holds a reference (memory address) to an object rather than storing the object's value directly. |
| relational operator | Operators used to compare values, including ==, !=, <, >, <=, and >=. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| != | The not-equal operator used to determine if two object references are different or if a reference does not equal a value. |
| == | The equality operator used to compare object references or values; for objects, it checks if two variables reference the same object in memory. |
| Boolean expression | An expression that evaluates to either true or false, used to control the execution of loops and conditional statements. |
| De Morgan's law | A logical rule that allows conversion between equivalent Boolean expressions: !(a && b) is equivalent to !a || !b, and !(a || b) is equivalent to !a && !b. |
| equals method | A String method that returns true if the string contains the same sequence of characters as another string, and false otherwise. |
| equivalency | The state of two objects being equal based on specified criteria, typically determined by comparing their attributes. |
| equivalent | Having the same value or producing the same result; two Boolean expressions are equivalent if they evaluate to the same value in all cases. |
| null | A special value indicating that a reference variable does not currently reference any object. |
| object reference | A value that points to the memory location where an object is stored, allowing access to that object. |
| truth table | A table that shows all possible input combinations and their corresponding output values, used to prove whether Boolean expressions are equivalent. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| character reversal | The process of rearranging the characters in a string in reverse order, from last to first. |
| string algorithm | Procedures or methods designed to perform operations on strings, such as searching, modifying, or analyzing text data. |
| substring | Contiguous sequences of characters within a larger string. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Boolean expression | An expression that evaluates to either true or false, used to control the execution of loops and conditional statements. |
| for loop | A type of iterative statement that repeats a block of code a specified number of times using initialization, a Boolean expression, and an update statement. |
| initialization | The first assignment of a value to a variable. |
| iteration statement | A control structure that repeats a block of code multiple times based on a condition. |
| loop body | The segment of code that is repeated within an iteration statement. |
| loop control variable | The variable initialized in a for loop that is used to control the number of iterations. |
| update | The part of a for loop header that modifies the loop control variable after each iteration of the loop body. |
| while loop | An iterative statement that repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified Boolean expression evaluates to true. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| iteration statement | A control structure that repeats a block of code multiple times based on a condition. |
| run-time | The period during which a program is executing or running. |
| statement execution count | The number of times a statement is executed during the running of a program. |
| tracing | The process of manually following the execution of a program step-by-step to understand how statements are executed. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Boolean expression | An expression that evaluates to either true or false, used to control the execution of loops and conditional statements. |
| flow of control | The order in which statements in a program are executed, which can be interrupted by method calls and resumed after the method completes. |
| infinite loop | A loop that never terminates because the Boolean expression always evaluates to true. |
| iteration | A form of repetition in which code is executed zero or more times based on a condition. |
| iteration statement | A control structure that repeats a block of code multiple times based on a condition. |
| iterative process | A process that repeats a segment of code multiple times to achieve a desired result. |
| loop body | The segment of code that is repeated within an iteration statement. |
| off by one error | An error that occurs when an iteration statement loops one time too many or one time too few. |
| while loop | An iterative statement that repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified Boolean expression evaluates to true. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| inner loop | The iteration statement contained within the body of another iteration statement that executes completely for each iteration of the outer loop. |
| iteration statement | A control structure that repeats a block of code multiple times based on a condition. |
| nested iteration | Iteration statements that appear within the body of another iteration statement, where the inner loop completes all its iterations before the outer loop advances to its next iteration. |
| outer loop | The iteration statement that contains another iteration statement within its body. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ! (not) | A logical operator that negates a Boolean expression, returning true if the expression is false and false if the expression is true. |
| && (and) | A logical operator that returns true only when both Boolean expressions are true, and false otherwise. |
| || (or) | A logical operator that returns true when at least one of the Boolean expressions is true, and false only when both are false. |
| compound Boolean expression | Boolean expressions that combine multiple Boolean values or conditions using logical operators to produce a single Boolean result. |
| logical operator | Symbols or keywords used to combine or modify Boolean expressions: ! (not), && (and), and || (or). |
| order of precedence | The sequence in which logical operators are evaluated in an expression: ! (not) first, && (and) second, then || (or). |
| short-circuit evaluation | An optimization where a logical operation using && or || stops evaluating as soon as the final result can be determined, without evaluating all expressions. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Boolean expression | An expression that evaluates to either true or false, used to control the execution of loops and conditional statements. |
| branching logical process | Program flow that divides into different paths based on conditional statements, allowing different code to execute depending on whether conditions are true or false. |
| flow of control | The order in which statements in a program are executed, which can be interrupted by method calls and resumed after the method completes. |
| if statement | A selection statement that executes a code segment based on whether a Boolean expression is true or false. |
| if-else statement | A selection statement that provides two alternative code segments: one executed when a Boolean expression is true and another when it is false. |
| one-way selection | An if statement that executes a code segment only when a Boolean expression is true. |
| selection statement | Programming statements that control the flow of execution by choosing which code segments to run based on conditions. |
| sequential execution | The default flow of a program where statements are executed one after another in the order they appear. |
| two-way selection | An if-else statement that executes one code segment when a Boolean expression is true and a different segment when it is false. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Boolean expression | An expression that evaluates to either true or false, used to control the execution of loops and conditional statements. |
| branching logical process | Program flow that divides into different paths based on conditional statements, allowing different code to execute depending on whether conditions are true or false. |
| if-else-if | A conditional statement structure that tests multiple conditions in sequence, executing the code block for the first condition that evaluates to true. |
| multiway selection | A control structure using if-else-if statements to choose one of several code segments to execute based on different conditions. |
| nested if statement | If, if-else, or if-else-if statements placed within other if, if-else, or if-else-if statements to create multiple levels of conditional branching. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| algorithm | A step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a problem or accomplish a task. |
| decision making | The process in an algorithm where a choice is made based on evaluating a condition to determine which path to follow. |
| looping | A programming construct that repeats a block of code multiple times as part of an algorithm's repetition. |
| repetition | A control structure in an algorithm where a process repeats itself until a desired outcome is reached. |
| selection | A control structure in an algorithm that makes a choice about how execution will proceed based on a true or false decision. |
| sequencing | The order in which steps in a process are completed, with steps executed one at a time. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| algorithm | A step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a problem or accomplish a task. |
| average | The mean value calculated by dividing the sum of all values by the number of values. |
| evenly divisible | A property of an integer that can be divided by another integer with no remainder. |
| frequency | The number of times a specific criterion or condition is met within a dataset or sequence. |
| maximum value | The largest value in a set of data or collection of numbers. |
| minimum value | The smallest value in a set of data or collection of numbers. |
| standard algorithm | A widely recognized, established procedure for solving a common computational problem. |
| sum | The result of adding multiple values together. |