Glossary

12.2 Orthodox Judaism: Beliefs and Practices

9 min read•july 30, 2024

Orthodox Judaism is a branch of Judaism that strictly adheres to traditional Jewish law and practices. It emphasizes the divine origin of the Torah and the importance of following its commandments in daily life.

Within the broader context of Judaism, Orthodox Judaism stands out for its commitment to maintaining traditional observances. This contrasts with more liberal branches like Conservative and Reform Judaism, which have adapted some practices to modern life.

Orthodox Judaism: Core Tenets and Principles

Fundamental Beliefs and Practices

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  • Orthodox Judaism adheres to the belief in one God (monotheism) as described in the Torah, who revealed the law to Moses on Mount Sinai
  • The Torah, which includes the Five Books of Moses and the Oral Torah (), is considered the divine and immutable word of God that guides all aspects of life
  • Orthodox Jews believe in the concept of , which are the 613 commandments derived from the Torah that govern daily life, religious practices, and ethical behavior
    • Examples of mitzvot include keeping kosher, observing Shabbat, and giving charity (tzedakah)
  • The observance of Shabbat (the Sabbath) and Jewish holidays, such as , Shavuot, and Sukkot, are central to Orthodox Jewish practice and community life
    • Shabbat is observed from sunset on Friday to nightfall on Saturday, during which work is prohibited and time is dedicated to prayer, family, and rest
    • Passover commemorates the Exodus from Egypt, Shavuot celebrates the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, and Sukkot remembers the Israelites' journey through the wilderness

Spiritual Connection and Religious Obligations

  • Orthodox Judaism emphasizes the importance of prayer, study of sacred texts (Torah and Talmud), and the performance of acts of loving-kindness () as means of connecting with God and fulfilling religious obligations
    • Daily prayers are recited three times a day (Shacharit, Mincha, and Maariv) and are often performed in a synagogue with a quorum of ten men ()
    • Torah study is considered a fundamental religious obligation, with many Orthodox Jews dedicating significant time to learning in yeshivas or study groups
  • The concept of tzniut (modesty) is a fundamental principle in Orthodox Judaism, influencing dress codes, social interactions, and gender roles within the community
    • Men and women dress in conservative attire, often with men wearing kippot (head coverings) and women covering their hair after marriage
    • Gender separation is maintained in synagogues, schools, and social events to promote modesty and respect
  • Orthodox Jews maintain a strong commitment to the preservation of Jewish identity, tradition, and continuity through the observance of religious practices, endogamy (marriage within the faith), and the transmission of Jewish knowledge to future generations
    • Jewish education is highly valued, with children attending Jewish day schools or yeshivas to learn Torah, Talmud, and Jewish history
    • Marriage and family life are central to Orthodox Judaism, with an emphasis on building strong, religiously observant households and raising children within the faith

Halakha: Shaping Orthodox Jewish Life

The Role of Jewish Law

  • is the comprehensive body of Jewish law derived from the Torah, Talmud, and rabbinic literature that governs all aspects of Orthodox Jewish life, including religious practices, social interactions, and personal conduct
  • The interpretation and application of halakha are guided by the rulings of recognized rabbinic authorities () who have extensive knowledge of Jewish legal texts and traditions
    • Poskim issue responsa (legal opinions) to address contemporary issues and provide guidance to the community
    • Different Orthodox communities may follow the rulings of specific poskim or adhere to particular halakhic traditions ()
  • Halakha regulates daily practices such as prayer, dietary laws (), Sabbath observance, and the performance of mitzvot, providing a structured framework for religious life
    • Kashrut involves the strict separation of meat and dairy products, the consumption of only kosher animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, and certain birds), and the proper slaughter and preparation of meat
    • Sabbath observance prohibits activities such as cooking, driving, and using electricity, while encouraging prayer, Torah study, and family time

Lifecycle Events and Ethical Conduct

  • Jewish lifecycle events, such as circumcision (), , marriage (), and burial rites, are conducted in accordance with halakhic requirements
    • Brit milah is performed on the eighth day after a baby boy's birth, symbolizing the covenant between God and the Jewish people
    • Bar/bat mitzvah marks a child's coming of age and assumption of religious responsibilities at the age of 12 for girls and 13 for boys
  • Halakha also governs business practices, financial transactions, and ethical conduct, ensuring that Orthodox Jews maintain a high standard of moral behavior in all aspects of life
    • The principles of honesty, integrity, and fair dealing are emphasized in business dealings
    • Charitable giving (tzedakah) is considered a religious obligation, with many Orthodox Jews donating a portion of their income to support the needy and communal institutions
  • The adherence to halakha creates a distinct Orthodox Jewish identity and fosters a sense of community and shared values among its members
  • Debates and discussions surrounding the interpretation and application of halakha in response to modern challenges and technological advancements are ongoing within Orthodox Jewish communities, with different approaches taken by various rabbinic authorities and denominations
    • For example, the use of electricity on Shabbat, the permissibility of certain medical procedures, and the integration of women in religious leadership roles are subjects of halakhic discourse and divergent opinions

Diversity within Orthodox Judaism

Modern Orthodox Judaism

  • Modern Orthodox Judaism seeks to integrate traditional Jewish observance with engagement in modern society, emphasizing the compatibility of Jewish law with secular education and participation in contemporary culture
  • Modern Orthodox Jews often pursue higher education, professional careers, and involvement in the broader community while maintaining a strong commitment to halakha and Jewish tradition
    • Many Modern Orthodox communities are located in urban centers, where members balance religious observance with participation in the workforce and civic life
    • Institutions such as in New York exemplify the Modern Orthodox approach, combining rigorous Torah study with secular academic programs
  • Modern Orthodox Jews may adopt a more lenient interpretation of certain halakhic practices, such as the use of technology on Shabbat or the participation of women in religious services, while still maintaining a strong commitment to core Orthodox principles

Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) Communities

  • (ultra-Orthodox) communities, such as and (Yeshivish) groups, prioritize strict adherence to halakha and the preservation of traditional Jewish lifestyle, often with limited engagement with secular society
  • Haredi Jews typically live in insular communities, maintain distinct dress codes, and place a strong emphasis on Torah study and the authority of rabbinic leaders
    • Haredi neighborhoods, such as Mea Shearim in Jerusalem and Borough Park in Brooklyn, are characterized by a high concentration of Orthodox institutions and a visibly traditional Jewish presence
    • Haredi dress often includes black hats and suits for men and modest, conservative attire for women
  • Hasidic communities, which originated in 18th-century Eastern Europe, are characterized by their devotion to specific rabbinic dynasties, unique spiritual practices, and distinctive dress and customs
    • Hasidic groups, such as Satmar, Belz, and Lubavitch (Chabad), each have their own religious leaders (rebbes), traditions, and communal structures
    • Hasidic life emphasizes joy, mysticism, and the importance of the rebbe-hasid relationship in spiritual guidance and religious practice
  • Lithuanian (Yeshivish) communities prioritize intense Talmudic study in yeshivas (traditional Jewish schools) and strict adherence to halakha as interpreted by their rabbinic authorities
    • Yeshivish communities place a high value on Torah scholarship, with many men dedicating years to full-time study in kollelim (advanced Talmudic academies)
    • The (daily Talmud study) program, which involves the study of one page of Talmud per day, is popular among Yeshivish and other Orthodox communities

Sephardic and Mizrahi Communities

  • The diversity within Orthodox Judaism also includes and communities, which have their own unique religious customs, liturgical traditions, and cultural heritage
    • Sephardic Jews trace their ancestry to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and maintain distinct religious practices and cultural traditions
    • Mizrahi Jews come from Middle Eastern and North African countries, such as Iraq, Iran, Yemen, and Morocco, and have their own rich religious and cultural heritage
  • Despite the differences in approach to modernity and cultural engagement, all Orthodox Jewish communities share a fundamental commitment to the observance of halakha and the preservation of Jewish tradition

Orthodox Jews in Contemporary Society

Challenges of Integration and Secularization

  • Orthodox Jews face the challenge of maintaining their religious identity and practices while navigating the demands and influences of modern, secular society
  • The integration of Orthodox Jews into the workforce and higher education institutions can present conflicts with religious observances, such as Shabbat and holiday schedules, dietary restrictions, and modesty standards
    • Accommodations for religious practices, such as flexible work hours or kosher food options, may be necessary for Orthodox Jews in professional settings
    • Orthodox Jewish students in secular schools may face challenges in balancing academic demands with religious study and observance
  • The increasing influence of technology and media poses challenges for Orthodox communities in terms of maintaining traditional values, limiting exposure to inappropriate content, and preserving face-to-face social interactions
    • The use of the internet and social media is a subject of debate and regulation within Orthodox communities, with some groups imposing strict guidelines or filters to protect religious values
    • The impact of secular culture on Orthodox youth is a concern for many communities, leading to efforts to strengthen Jewish education and foster a strong sense of religious identity
  • Orthodox Jewish communities grapple with the impact of secularization and assimilation, which can lead to declining religious observance and identification among younger generations
    • The attraction of secular lifestyles and the weakening of communal ties can pose challenges for the retention of Orthodox youth and the continuity of religious traditions
    • Efforts to engage Orthodox young adults and provide meaningful religious experiences are crucial for the long-term viability of Orthodox communities

Financial and Social Challenges

  • The cost of living an Orthodox Jewish lifestyle, including expenses related to kosher food, religious education, and community infrastructure, can create financial strains for families and individuals
    • The high cost of Jewish day school tuition, which is often seen as essential for providing a strong religious education, can be a significant burden for Orthodox families
    • The need to live in proximity to Orthodox institutions and communities can lead to higher housing costs and limited housing options
  • Orthodox Jews face the ongoing challenge of combating anti-Semitism and religious discrimination in various forms, including hate speech, violence, and institutional bias
    • Acts of anti-Semitism, such as vandalism of synagogues or physical attacks on visibly Jewish individuals, pose a threat to the safety and security of Orthodox communities
    • Stereotypes and misconceptions about Orthodox Jews can lead to discrimination in employment, housing, and social interactions

Opportunities for Meaning and Contribution

  • However, Orthodox Judaism also presents opportunities for individuals to find meaning, purpose, and a strong sense of community through the adherence to a structured religious lifestyle and shared values
    • The daily practice of mitzvot, prayer, and Torah study can provide a sense of spiritual fulfillment and connection to God
    • The close-knit nature of Orthodox communities offers a support system and a sense of belonging for individuals and families
  • The growth of Orthodox Jewish communities in urban centers has led to the development of thriving religious and cultural institutions, such as schools, synagogues, and community organizations, which provide support and resources for their members
    • Orthodox institutions offer a wide range of educational, social, and charitable services to meet the needs of the community
    • The establishment of Orthodox neighborhoods and communal infrastructure has created vibrant centers of Jewish life and learning
  • Orthodox Jews have made significant contributions to various fields, including academia, business, medicine, and the arts, demonstrating the potential for successful integration of religious commitment and professional achievement
    • Notable Orthodox Jews, such as Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, former Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, have made influential contributions to Jewish thought and interfaith dialogue
    • Orthodox Jewish professionals in fields such as law, finance, and technology have demonstrated the compatibility of religious observance with success in the modern workforce
  • The resilience and adaptability of Orthodox Jewish communities in the face of historical and contemporary challenges serve as a testament to the enduring strength of their religious convictions and communal bonds
    • The survival and growth of Orthodox Judaism despite centuries of persecution, displacement, and societal change highlight the power of religious commitment and communal solidarity
    • The ability of Orthodox communities to maintain their distinct identity and way of life while engaging with the broader society reflects a balance of tradition and adaptability

Key Terms to Review (31)

Bar/bat mitzvah: A bar mitzvah for boys and a bat mitzvah for girls is a significant Jewish coming-of-age ceremony that marks the transition into religious adulthood at the age of 13 for boys and 12 for girls. This event signifies the individual's ability to participate in Jewish community life, assume responsibility for their actions, and observe religious commandments. The ceremony often involves reading from the Torah and is celebrated with a festive gathering.
Brit milah: Brit milah, or Jewish circumcision, is a religious ceremony that symbolizes the covenant between God and the Jewish people, performed on the eighth day after a male infant's birth. This practice is deeply rooted in Jewish law and tradition, signifying not only physical marking but also spiritual commitment, which resonates throughout various aspects of Jewish life.
Chesed: Chesed is a Hebrew word often translated as 'loving-kindness' or 'mercy,' embodying the idea of selfless love and compassion towards others. It is a core value in Jewish thought and ethics, driving individuals to act with kindness, generosity, and empathy in their interactions. Chesed emphasizes the importance of relationships and community, forming a foundational principle in ethical behavior and halakha, as well as influencing beliefs and practices in Orthodox Judaism.
Daf yomi: Daf yomi is a method of studying the Talmud, where participants study one page (daf) of the Talmud each day, leading to the completion of the entire Talmud in approximately seven and a half years. This practice not only promotes regular engagement with the text but also fosters a sense of community among learners worldwide who are studying the same material at the same time.
Divine Commandment: A divine commandment refers to a directive or instruction that is believed to be issued by God, often guiding moral behavior and religious practice. In the context of Orthodox Judaism, divine commandments are seen as integral to living a life aligned with God's will, as revealed in sacred texts such as the Torah. These commandments shape the beliefs and practices of Orthodox Jews, emphasizing obedience and the importance of fulfilling religious obligations.
God's oneness: God's oneness refers to the fundamental Jewish belief in the singularity and indivisibility of God, emphasizing that there is only one God who is unique and unparalleled. This concept is central to Judaism, as it underscores the exclusive nature of divine authority and the relationship between God and humanity, guiding the beliefs and practices of adherents within the faith.
Halakha: Halakha refers to the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah. It guides the everyday life and religious practices of Jewish people, influencing their beliefs, rituals, and community interactions.
Haredi: Haredi refers to a sect of Orthodox Judaism characterized by a strict adherence to traditional Jewish law and a lifestyle that often emphasizes separation from modern secular society. Haredi Jews often prioritize religious study, community life, and maintaining a distinct cultural identity, which can influence their views on Jewish identity and practices within the broader context of Judaism.
Hasidic: Hasidic refers to a Jewish religious movement that emerged in the 18th century in Eastern Europe, emphasizing piety, community, and a joyful approach to spiritual life. Hasidism is characterized by its distinct customs, lively worship practices, and the leadership of charismatic Rebbes who guide their followers. The movement plays a significant role in Jewish identity, offering a unique interpretation of faith and practice within the broader context of Orthodox Judaism.
Kashrut: Kashrut refers to the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate what foods are permissible and how they must be prepared and consumed. These laws are deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and are derived from biblical commandments, shaping both religious identity and daily practices in Jewish life.
Kiddushin: Kiddushin refers to the Jewish betrothal ceremony that establishes a marriage contract between a couple. This formal act of sanctification signifies the beginning of their marital relationship and is one of the key components of Jewish marital law. Kiddushin sets the framework for the obligations and rights that each partner has in the marriage, linking it closely to major categories of Jewish law, the specific processes of marriage and divorce, and the beliefs and practices within Orthodox Judaism.
Klal Yisrael: Klal Yisrael refers to the concept of the collective Jewish people, embodying the idea that all Jews are part of one unified community, regardless of their geographical location, denomination, or personal beliefs. This term highlights the importance of peoplehood in Judaism, emphasizing that Jewish identity is not solely based on religious practice but also on a shared history, culture, and mutual responsibility among Jews worldwide.
Lithuanian: Lithuanian refers to the Jewish community that emerged in Lithuania, particularly known for its significant contributions to Orthodox Judaism. This community developed its unique customs and practices, deeply influenced by the broader Jewish tradition and local culture, making it an essential part of the landscape of Eastern European Jewry.
Messianic belief: Messianic belief refers to the anticipation of a future Messiah who will deliver and redeem the Jewish people, restoring them to their homeland and establishing an era of peace and justice. This belief is foundational in Judaism, particularly within Orthodox Judaism, where it emphasizes a personal savior figure that will bring about the final redemption and is often linked to prophecies found in the Hebrew Bible.
Minhagim: Minhagim refers to the customs and practices within Judaism that are not derived from formal law but rather from community traditions and historical practices. These customs play a vital role in shaping the religious life of Jewish communities, particularly in Orthodox Judaism, where they can influence prayer, dietary laws, and various rituals. Each community may have its unique minhagim, which reflect local culture and history while reinforcing a sense of identity and continuity among its members.
Minyan: A minyan is the quorum of ten Jewish adults required for certain communal prayers and religious obligations in Judaism. This practice underscores the importance of community in Jewish worship, as many prayers and rituals can only be performed in the presence of a minyan, emphasizing collective faith and participation.
Mitzvot: Mitzvot are the commandments or good deeds in Judaism that guide the moral and ethical conduct of individuals, reflecting the covenantal relationship between God and the Jewish people. These commandments encompass a wide range of religious, ethical, and social obligations, shaping Jewish identity and practice throughout history.
Mizrahi: Mizrahi refers to Jews who come from Middle Eastern and North African countries, particularly those who trace their ancestry back to communities that existed in the Arab world. This term highlights the cultural, historical, and social aspects of Jewish communities in these regions, distinguishing them from Ashkenazi (Eastern European) and Sephardic (Spanish and Portuguese) Jews. Mizrahi Jews have a rich heritage that reflects the diverse experiences of Jews living in Islamic societies.
Passover: Passover is a major Jewish holiday that commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, as described in the Book of Exodus. It is celebrated by families through a special meal called the Seder, which includes symbolic foods and retelling of the Exodus story, highlighting themes of freedom, redemption, and faith.
Poskim: Poskim are authoritative Jewish legal scholars who interpret and apply Jewish law (Halakha) in various contexts. They play a crucial role in guiding the Orthodox Jewish community by making decisions on religious laws and practices, often addressing contemporary issues that arise in modern life while staying true to traditional sources.
Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik: Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik was a prominent 20th-century Orthodox Jewish leader, scholar, and philosopher, known for his significant contributions to Jewish thought and education. He played a key role in shaping Modern Orthodox Judaism by emphasizing the importance of integrating traditional Jewish law with contemporary society. His teachings often explored the relationship between faith and reason, as well as the tension between Halakha (Jewish law) and modernity.
Rav Moshe Feinstein: Rav Moshe Feinstein was a prominent Orthodox rabbi and halakhic authority who lived from 1895 to 1986. He is best known for his influential rulings on Jewish law, making him a central figure in Orthodox Judaism's legal discourse and practice. His work, especially through his responsa, addressed contemporary issues faced by Jewish communities, reflecting his deep understanding of both traditional texts and modern challenges.
Sephardic: Sephardic refers to Jews who originate from the Iberian Peninsula, specifically Spain and Portugal, and their descendants. This cultural and religious group has a distinct heritage characterized by unique traditions, languages, and practices that often differ from those of Ashkenazi Jews, who hail from Central and Eastern Europe. Sephardic Judaism has played a significant role in shaping the broader landscape of Jewish beliefs and practices, particularly within Orthodox communities.
Shabbat Observance: Shabbat observance refers to the weekly day of rest and spiritual enrichment in Judaism, which begins at sunset on Friday and ends at nightfall on Saturday. It is a time dedicated to refraining from work, engaging in prayer, studying sacred texts, and enjoying meals with family and friends, reflecting the core values of rest and renewal.
Shulchan Aruch: The Shulchan Aruch, meaning 'Set Table,' is a comprehensive code of Jewish law compiled by Rabbi Joseph Karo in the 16th century. It serves as an essential guide for Jewish life, outlining practical legal rulings and customs, and has been pivotal in shaping Jewish practice across various communities.
Talmud: The Talmud is a central text in Rabbinic Judaism, consisting of a compilation of teachings, discussions, and interpretations of the Torah, along with Jewish law and ethics. It serves as a foundational document that guides Jewish life, culture, and religious practice, influencing various aspects of Judaism and Jewish identity.
Tefillin: Tefillin are small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, specifically passages that emphasize the importance of binding God's words to one's heart and mind. Tefillin are worn by observant Jewish males during weekday morning prayers as a physical manifestation of their commitment to the teachings of the Torah, illustrating the deep connection between faith, identity, and daily practice in Judaism.
Torah Observance: Torah observance refers to the practice of following the commandments and teachings outlined in the Torah, which is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. This concept is fundamental to Orthodox Judaism, where adherence to these laws shapes daily life, ethical behavior, and spiritual commitments. The observance encompasses not only ritual practices but also a broader commitment to the ethical and moral guidelines provided in the Torah.
Tzitzit: Tzitzit are ritual fringes or tassels attached to the corners of traditional Jewish garments, specifically the tallit, or prayer shawl. They serve as a reminder of the commandments in the Torah and symbolize the covenant between God and the Jewish people, reflecting a deep commitment to observance and spirituality within Orthodox Judaism.
Yeshiva University: Yeshiva University is a private university in New York City that serves as a leading institution for higher education in Jewish studies, particularly within the Orthodox Jewish community. It blends traditional Jewish education with modern academic disciplines, reflecting the belief that one can pursue secular knowledge alongside religious learning. This unique approach supports the development of a well-rounded individual who adheres to Orthodox Jewish values while engaging with contemporary society.
Yom Kippur: Yom Kippur, known as the Day of Atonement, is the holiest day in Judaism, dedicated to reflection, repentance, and seeking forgiveness for sins committed over the past year. It is a culmination of the Ten Days of Repentance that begin with Rosh Hashanah, emphasizing the importance of personal accountability and communal relationships. Observances include fasting, prayer, and attending synagogue services, all aiming to reconnect with God and improve one's character.
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