AP Spanish Literature Unit 4 Cheatsheet: La literatura romántica, realista y naturalista

Metric Structure

• Heptasílabo: 7-syllable lines
• Endecasílabo: 11-syllable lines
• Poema no estrófico: irregular stanza form; no fixed pattern

Sound Devices

• Aliteración: repeated consonant sounds create rhythm and intensity
• Prosopopeya: nature given human qualities (storm as character)

Rhetorical Moves

• Apóstrofe: direct address to the storm, nature, or absent listener
• Metonimia: substitution based on a close relationship or association (e.g., “la corona” for the monarchy or “leer a Cervantes” for reading his works).

Core Organizing Concepts

• El tiempo y el espacio: storm as moment of crisis; natural setting as emotional mirror
• La naturaleza y el ambiente: storm's power over human consciousness
• El individuo en su entorno: speaker confronts sublime, overwhelming forces
• La trayectoria y la transformación: storm as catalyst for internal change or revelation

Romantic Context

• Nature as source of truth and emotion, not mere backdrop
• Individual consciousness tested against vast, indifferent forces
• Emotional intensity and passion valued over reason