🇨🇳ap chinese review

痛苦 (tòngkū)

Written by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated August 2025
Verified for the 2026 exam
Verified for the 2026 examWritten by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated August 2025

Definition

Suffering refers to the state of experiencing physical or emotional pain, distress, or hardship. It can be caused by various factors such as illness, loss, trauma, or mental health problems.

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