Written by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated August 2025
Verified for the 2027 exam
Verified for the 2027 exam•Written by the Fiveable Content Team • Last updated August 2025
Definition
Leader of the Nation of Islam from 1934 who established the organization's Chicago headquarters and instituted practices such as requiring followers to adopt Muslim surnames and the letter 'X' as a symbolic rejection of enslaver-given names.
AP course connection
Topic 4.9: 4.9 Black Religious Nationalism and the Black Power Movement