Extrachromosomal DNA

Definition

Extrachromosomal DNA is DNA that exists outside the chromosomal DNA within a cell. It is commonly found in plasmids and can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Extrachromosomal DNA often carries genes that confer advantageous traits, such as antibiotic resistance.
2. Plasmids are the most common form of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria.
3. Extrachromosomal DNA can be transferred between cells through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation.
4. In eukaryotes, extrachromosomal DNA can be found in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
5. Extrachromosomal elements are crucial tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Related terms

Plasmid:

A small, circular piece of extrachromosomal DNA found primarily in bacteria that replicates independently.

Horizontal Gene Transfer:

The movement of genetic material between organisms other than by vertical transmission (from parent to offspring).

Mitochondrial DNA: A type of extranuclear DNA found within the mitochondria that encodes for some mitochondrial proteins.