Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin

Definition

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs) are toxins produced by certain strains of Streptococcus bacteria. These exotoxins play a significant role in severe infections such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. SPEs are categorized into different types, with SPE-A, SPE-B, and SPE-C being the most studied.
2. They function as superantigens, overstimulating the immune system and causing massive cytokine release.
3. SPEs can directly damage tissues and contribute to the pathogenicity of invasive streptococcal infections.
4. They are encoded by bacteriophages that infect Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
5. Elevated levels of SPEs in the bloodstream can lead to symptoms like high fever, rash, and multi-organ failure.

Review Questions

Related terms

Superantigen: A class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system.

Streptococcus pyogenes:

A species of bacteria that causes various infections including strep throat and skin infections.

Cytokine Storm:

An excessive immune response characterized by high levels of cytokines leading to severe inflammation.