Oral corticosteroids

Definition

Oral corticosteroids are synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. These medications are primarily used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response, making them valuable in treating conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). By decreasing inflammation in the airways, oral corticosteroids help improve breathing and reduce the frequency of asthma attacks and COPD exacerbations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Oral corticosteroids are often prescribed for short-term use during acute asthma or COPD flare-ups to quickly reduce inflammation.
2. Long-term use of oral corticosteroids can lead to significant side effects, including weight gain, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.
3. Common oral corticosteroids include prednisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone.
4. These medications can be taken in various forms such as tablets or liquid solutions, usually taken once daily or in divided doses.
5. While effective in managing symptoms, oral corticosteroids are generally not the first-line treatment for long-term control of asthma; inhaled corticosteroids are preferred.

Review Questions

• How do oral corticosteroids function in the treatment of asthma and COPD, and what are their primary effects on the respiratory system?
  • Oral corticosteroids work by mimicking cortisol, which reduces inflammation in the airways. In asthma and COPD patients, they help decrease airway swelling and mucus production, leading to improved airflow and reduced symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Their anti-inflammatory properties make them crucial during acute exacerbations when rapid relief is necessary.
• What are the potential side effects associated with long-term use of oral corticosteroids for managing asthma and COPD?
  • Long-term use of oral corticosteroids can lead to several side effects that may significantly impact a patient's quality of life. These include weight gain due to increased appetite, osteoporosis resulting from bone density loss, diabetes due to altered glucose metabolism, and increased vulnerability to infections as a result of immunosuppression. Understanding these risks is vital for healthcare providers when considering treatment plans.
• Evaluate the role of oral corticosteroids in the broader context of asthma and COPD management strategies and discuss when they should be used versus other therapies.
  • Oral corticosteroids play an essential role in managing asthma and COPD, particularly during acute exacerbations where rapid anti-inflammatory action is needed. However, they are not typically used for long-term control due to their potential side effects. Instead, inhaled corticosteroids are preferred for regular management. Oral corticosteroids should be reserved for severe cases or when other treatments fail to control symptoms effectively. This balanced approach helps minimize risks while ensuring adequate control of these chronic conditions.

Related terms

Cortisol: A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress reactions.

Inflammation: The body's response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, often leading to tissue damage if uncontrolled.

Immunosuppression: A reduction in the effectiveness of the immune system, often induced by medications like corticosteroids to prevent excessive inflammatory responses.