Neorealism

Definition

Neorealism, also known as structural realism, is a theory in international relations that emphasizes the role of the international system's structure in shaping state behavior and global politics. Unlike classical realism, which focuses on human nature and individual state actions, neorealism attributes outcomes to the anarchic nature of the international system and the distribution of power among states, highlighting how these structural factors influence states' interests and interactions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Neorealism was developed by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book 'Theory of International Politics', which contrasted with classical realism by focusing on structural rather than individual factors.
2. The theory suggests that the anarchic structure of the international system compels states to prioritize their survival and security above all else.
3. Neorealism is characterized by two main variants: defensive realism, which argues that states seek enough power to ensure security, and offensive realism, which posits that states seek to maximize their power relative to others.
4. Neorealists argue that changes in the distribution of power among states can lead to significant shifts in international relations and global stability.
5. Unlike classical realists, neorealists view human nature as less relevant in shaping international outcomes, instead emphasizing systemic factors such as the structure of power and capabilities.

Review Questions

• How does neorealism differ from classical realism in terms of its focus on state behavior?
  • Neorealism differs from classical realism primarily in its emphasis on the structural elements of the international system rather than individual human nature. While classical realism looks at how human motivations drive state actions and interactions, neorealism asserts that it is the anarchic nature of the international system and the distribution of power that fundamentally shapes state behavior. This shift in focus means that neorealism views state actions through a lens of systemic pressures rather than psychological or moral considerations.
• In what ways does the concept of anarchy play a critical role in neorealist theory?
  • Anarchy is central to neorealism as it establishes the context within which states operate. In an anarchic international system, there is no overarching authority to regulate state interactions or enforce agreements. This leads states to prioritize their own security and survival, often resulting in competition and conflict. Neorealist theorists argue that this lack of order compels states to adopt self-help strategies, impacting their foreign policies and relationships with other nations.
• Evaluate how neorealism addresses the implications of power shifts among states for global stability.
  • Neorealism provides a framework for understanding how shifts in power distribution can influence global stability by analyzing state behavior through a structural lens. When one state gains significant power, it can upset the balance within the international system, leading others to respond defensively or aggressively. This creates potential instability as states may enter arms races or form alliances to counter perceived threats. Neorealists argue that such dynamics are critical for explaining conflicts and cooperation patterns in international relations, as they reflect deeper structural realities rather than mere individual state choices.

Related terms

Anarchy:

A fundamental concept in international relations that denotes the absence of a central authority or governing body in the global arena, leading to a self-help system among states.

Power Balance: A situation in international relations where power is distributed among several states or groups, preventing any single entity from dominating the system, thereby maintaining stability.

Security Dilemma:

A situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security inadvertently threaten other states, leading to an arms race or conflict.