Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma of a flower. This process is essential for the fertilization and subsequent development of seeds in seed plants.
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Pollination can occur through biotic agents like insects, birds, and bats or abiotic agents such as wind and water.
Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the same plant fertilizes its own ovules, while cross-pollination requires transfer between different plants.
The structure and color of flowers often adapt to attract specific pollinators, facilitating efficient pollen transfer.
Double fertilization in angiosperms involves one sperm cell fertilizing the egg cell, forming a zygote, while another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm.
Pollinator declines due to habitat loss, pesticides, and climate change significantly impact pollination efficiency and crop yields.