Functional groups

Definition

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that have certain characteristic properties and chemical reactivities. They play a crucial role in determining the behavior and function of organic compounds in biological systems.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Functional groups determine the types of reactions that organic molecules can undergo.
2. Common functional groups include hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.
3. The presence of functional groups can affect the solubility of a molecule in water.
4. Functional groups are often used to classify organic compounds into families (e.g., alcohols, amines).
5. They are important in metabolism, as they participate in key biochemical reactions such as hydrolysis and condensation.

Review Questions

• What role do functional groups play in determining the chemical reactivity of organic molecules?
• Name three common functional groups and describe one property or reaction associated with each.
• How do functional groups influence the solubility of an organic molecule in water?

Related terms

Hydroxyl Group: A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH), commonly found in alcohols.

Carboxyl Group: A functional group comprised of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH), characteristic of carboxylic acids.

Amino Group: A functional group containing a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2), commonly found in amino acids.