Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

Definition

The Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries mark a transformative period in American history characterized by rapid industrialization, significant immigration, and profound social changes. This era saw the U.S. transition from a predominantly agrarian society to an industrial powerhouse, which heavily influenced responses to immigration as well as migration patterns across the country. Economic shifts during this time created both opportunities and challenges for newcomers and established communities alike.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The late 19th century saw a massive influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, contributing to the diversification of American society.
2. This period was marked by the rise of labor unions as workers sought better wages, hours, and working conditions in the face of industrial exploitation.
3. Cities expanded rapidly during this time due to urbanization, leading to challenges such as overcrowding, sanitation issues, and the need for improved infrastructure.
4. Legislation like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 reflected growing nativist sentiments, restricting immigration from certain countries and shaping public policy on immigration.
5. The Great Migration began in the early 20th century, where African Americans moved from rural Southern states to urban areas in the North for better opportunities.

Review Questions

• How did industrialization during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries influence immigration patterns in the United States?
  • Industrialization created a demand for labor in factories and urban centers, which attracted millions of immigrants seeking jobs and a better life. Many newcomers settled in cities where industries were booming, leading to diverse communities. The growth of industries also prompted shifts in immigration policies as lawmakers reacted to the changing demographics and labor needs.
• Discuss the impact of nativism on immigrant communities during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.
  • Nativism surged during this period as established Americans expressed fears about job competition, cultural differences, and social changes brought by immigrants. This led to discriminatory laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act and fueled social tensions. Immigrant communities often faced hostility but also formed strong support networks to resist discrimination and assert their rights.
• Evaluate how economic changes during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries shaped migration patterns within the United States.
  • Economic changes such as industrial growth spurred significant internal migration, particularly among African Americans moving northward during the Great Migration. As jobs became available in urban areas, many left agricultural roles in the South seeking better opportunities. This shift not only transformed demographics but also had lasting effects on culture and society, leading to urban development and new cultural movements.

Related terms

Industrialization:

The process of developing industries in a country or region on a wide scale, significantly impacting economic structures and labor markets.

Urbanization:

The movement of populations from rural areas to cities, often driven by the promise of jobs and better living conditions in industrial centers.

Nativism:

A political and social movement favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants, often leading to discriminatory policies and practices.