| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| air travel | Transportation technology using aircraft to move people and goods, significantly reducing travel time and geographic distance. |
| antibiotics | Medical innovations that increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives. |
| birth control | More effective forms of contraception that gave women greater control over fertility and transformed reproductive practices. |
| cellular communication | A wireless mode of communication using cellular networks to transmit voice and data, reducing geographic distance. |
| commercial agriculture | Large-scale farming focused on producing crops for market sale, which increased productivity through the Green Revolution. |
| fertility rates | The rate of reproduction in a population, which declined in much of the world due to access to birth control. |
| Green Revolution | Agricultural innovations using chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture that increased productivity and sustained growing populations. |
| internet | A global system of interconnected networks that enables digital communication and information exchange across geographic distances. |
| nuclear power | An energy technology that raised productivity and increased the production of material goods after 1900. |
| petroleum | A fossil fuel energy source used to raise productivity and increase the production of material goods in the modern world. |
| radio communication | A mode of communication using electromagnetic waves to transmit information over distances, reducing geographic barriers. |
| shipping containers | Standardized containers used in transportation that reduced the problem of geographic distance by enabling efficient movement of goods. |
| vaccines | Medical innovations that increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1918 influenza pandemic | A global outbreak of influenza that spread rapidly across the world in 1918, causing millions of deaths and serving as a major emergent epidemic disease. |
| Alzheimer's disease | A neurodegenerative disease associated with increased longevity and aging populations in the 20th century. |
| cholera | A bacterial disease spread through contaminated water that is associated with poverty and inadequate sanitation systems. |
| diseases associated with increased longevity | Chronic diseases such as heart disease and Alzheimer's disease that occur at higher rates as populations live longer and age. |
| diseases associated with poverty | Infectious diseases that persist in populations with limited access to clean water, sanitation, healthcare, and adequate nutrition, including malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera. |
| Ebola | A viral disease that emerged as an epidemic threat to human populations, characterized by high mortality rates and rapid transmission. |
| emergent epidemic diseases | New infectious diseases that emerge and spread rapidly as threats to human populations, causing widespread illness and social disruption. |
| environmental factors | Physical and natural conditions such as climate, geography, and natural resources that influence economic development and trade patterns. |
| heart disease | A chronic disease associated with increased longevity that became more prevalent as populations aged in the 20th century. |
| HIV/AIDS | A viral disease that emerged as a major pandemic in the late 20th century, causing widespread social disruption and spurring medical research advances. |
| malaria | A parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes that causes fever and is associated with poverty and inadequate public health infrastructure. |
| social disruption | Significant disturbance to normal social, economic, and political functioning caused by disease outbreaks and epidemics. |
| technological and medical advances | Innovations in medicine, public health, and technology developed in response to disease outbreaks and epidemics. |
| tuberculosis | A bacterial respiratory disease associated with poverty, overcrowding, and poor living conditions that persisted as a major health threat. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| air quality | The measure of pollutants and contaminants in the atmosphere that affect human health and the environment. |
| climate change | Long-term shifts in global temperatures and weather patterns, often attributed to the release of greenhouse gases and other human activities. |
| deforestation | The large-scale removal or clearing of forests, typically to make way for other land uses or due to human activity. |
| desertification | The process by which fertile land gradually transforms into desert, often due to drought, climate change, or unsustainable land use practices. |
| environmental changes | Alterations to natural systems and ecosystems resulting from human activity or natural processes. |
| fresh water consumption | The use and depletion of freshwater resources from sources such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater for human activities. |
| greenhouse gases | Gases released into the atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to global warming and climate change. |
| resource competition | The struggle between groups or nations for access to and control of limited natural resources. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations | A regional organization of Southeast Asian countries established to promote political and economic cooperation among member states. |
| economic liberalization | The process of reducing government restrictions and regulations on economic activity to allow greater private enterprise and market competition. |
| free-market economic policies | Government strategies that promote minimal state intervention in the economy, allowing market forces to determine prices, production, and distribution of goods and services. |
| global economy | The interconnected system of economic production, trade, and financial flows that spans across nations and continents. |
| industrial production | The manufacturing of goods on a large scale using machinery and factories. |
| information and communications technology | Digital tools and systems used for processing, storing, and transmitting information, including computers, the internet, and telecommunications networks. |
| knowledge economies | Economic systems based primarily on the production, distribution, and use of information and intellectual capital rather than physical goods or raw materials. |
| manufacturing | The process of converting raw materials into finished goods through industrial production. |
| multinational corporations | Large business enterprises that operate and have investments in multiple countries. |
| North American Free Trade Agreement | A regional trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico that eliminated tariffs and reduced trade barriers among the three nations. |
| regional trade agreements | Formal arrangements between neighboring or geographically proximate countries to reduce trade barriers and increase economic cooperation. |
| World Trade Organization | An international organization established to regulate and facilitate trade between nations and resolve trade disputes. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| apartheid | A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that was enforced in South Africa, which was eventually dismantled. |
| caste reservation | A system in India that reserves positions in education and employment for members of historically disadvantaged castes to promote equality. |
| global feminism movements | Worldwide movements advocating for women's equality and challenging gender-based discrimination across different societies and cultures. |
| Green Belt Movement | An environmental movement founded by Wangari Maathai in Kenya focused on tree planting, environmental conservation, and women's empowerment. |
| Greenpeace | An international environmental organization that campaigns to protect the environment and promote sustainability. |
| Liberation theology | A theological movement in Latin America that emphasized social justice and the liberation of the poor and oppressed from economic and political inequality. |
| Negritude movement | A cultural and political movement that celebrated African and African diaspora identity and challenged racist assumptions about Black people. |
| rights-based discourses | Arguments and movements centered on asserting and protecting fundamental human rights, challenging traditional power structures and inequalities. |
| social categories | Divisions of society based on characteristics such as race, class, gender, and religion that organize social structures and relationships. |
| U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights | An international document adopted by the United Nations that established fundamental human rights protections for all people, including children, women, and refugees. |
| World Fair Trade Organization | An international organization that promotes fair trade practices to ensure equitable economic relationships between producers and consumers globally. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bollywood | The Hindi-language film industry based in India that produces movies consumed globally. |
| consumer culture | A culture centered on the consumption of goods and services that became globalized and transcended national borders. |
| global brands | Commercial companies and products recognized and consumed internationally across multiple countries and continents. |
| global consumerism | The worldwide spread of consumer culture and the consumption of standardized products and brands across different countries. |
| global culture | Shared cultural practices, values, and products that transcend national borders and are consumed across multiple countries and regions. |
| globalization | The process of increasing interconnection and integration of cultures, economies, and societies across the world. |
| hip-hop | A music and cultural movement originating in the United States that spread globally and became a major form of popular culture. |
| Hollywood | The American film industry that produces movies distributed and consumed worldwide. |
| K-pop | Korean popular music that achieved global commercial success and cultural influence in the 21st century. |
| popular culture | Arts, entertainment, and consumer culture that became increasingly global and reflected the influence of globalized society. |
| reggae | A music genre originating from Jamaica that became a global cultural phenomenon in the late 20th century. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anti-IMF activism | Organized resistance and protest movements against the policies and influence of the International Monetary Fund. |
| anti-World Bank activism | Organized resistance and protest movements against the policies and influence of the World Bank. |
| cultural globalization | The spread and exchange of cultural practices, values, and ideas across national and regional boundaries. |
| economic globalization | The integration of national economies into a global system through trade, investment, and the movement of goods and capital. |
| globalization | The process of increasing interconnection and integration of cultures, economies, and societies across the world. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| globalization | The process of increasing interconnection and integration of cultures, economies, and societies across the world. |
| international cooperation | Collaborative efforts and agreements among states to address common problems and achieve shared objectives. |
| international interactions | Diplomatic, economic, and political exchanges and relationships between different states and nations. |
| international organizations | Formal institutions created by multiple states to coordinate actions and address shared concerns on a global scale. |
| United Nations | An international organization formed after World War II with the primary goals of maintaining world peace and facilitating cooperation among nations. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| air travel | Transportation technology using aircraft to move people and goods, significantly reducing travel time and geographic distance. |
| antibiotics | Medical innovations that increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives. |
| birth control | More effective forms of contraception that gave women greater control over fertility and transformed reproductive practices. |
| cellular communication | A wireless mode of communication using cellular networks to transmit voice and data, reducing geographic distance. |
| commercial agriculture | Large-scale farming focused on producing crops for market sale, which increased productivity through the Green Revolution. |
| consumer culture | A culture centered on the consumption of goods and services that became globalized and transcended national borders. |
| fertility rates | The rate of reproduction in a population, which declined in much of the world due to access to birth control. |
| Green Revolution | Agricultural innovations using chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture that increased productivity and sustained growing populations. |
| internet | A global system of interconnected networks that enables digital communication and information exchange across geographic distances. |
| nuclear power | An energy technology that raised productivity and increased the production of material goods after 1900. |
| petroleum | A fossil fuel energy source used to raise productivity and increase the production of material goods in the modern world. |
| popular culture | Arts, entertainment, and consumer culture that became increasingly global and reflected the influence of globalized society. |
| radio communication | A mode of communication using electromagnetic waves to transmit information over distances, reducing geographic barriers. |
| rights-based discourses | Arguments and movements centered on asserting and protecting fundamental human rights, challenging traditional power structures and inequalities. |
| science and technology | Systematic knowledge and practical applications that altered understanding of the universe and natural world from 1900 to present. |
| shipping containers | Standardized containers used in transportation that reduced the problem of geographic distance by enabling efficient movement of goods. |
| vaccines | Medical innovations that increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives. |