| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| civilizing mission | The ideological justification for imperialism based on the belief that Western powers had a duty to bring civilization, Christianity, and modern institutions to non-Western peoples. |
| imperialism | The policy and practice of extending a country's power and influence over other territories and peoples, typically through colonization and military force. |
| indigenous populations | The native peoples who originally inhabited territories before imperial conquest and colonization. |
| nationalism | A political ideology emphasizing loyalty to one's nation and the desire for national independence and self-determination. |
| Social Darwinism | An ideology that applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, arguing that some races or nations were naturally superior and destined to dominate others. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| colonies | Territories under the political control and settlement of a foreign power, typically established for economic exploitation or strategic advantage. |
| diplomacy | Negotiation and peaceful relations between states used to achieve political objectives such as territorial acquisition. |
| direct control | Immediate governance of a territory by a state government rather than through intermediaries or private entities. |
| Dutch East India Company | A private trading company that controlled territories in Indonesia and Southeast Asia before Dutch government takeover. |
| empires | Large political units that extended control over diverse populations and territories through conquest or colonization. |
| non-state entities | Organizations or individuals other than governments that exercise political or economic power, such as trading companies. |
| private ownership | Control of territory or resources by an individual or private company rather than by a state government. |
| settler colonies | Colonies established by permanent settlement of people from the colonizing state, often displacing indigenous populations. |
| state power | The authority and capacity of a centralized government to control territory, enforce laws, and mobilize resources. |
| territorial expansion | The process by which a state increases the land area under its control through conquest, settlement, or diplomacy. |
| warfare | Military conflict used as a means to acquire or maintain control over territories. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anti-imperial resistance | Organized opposition and movements against imperial rule and colonial control. |
| anticolonial movements | Organized efforts by colonized peoples to resist imperial rule and achieve independence from colonial powers. |
| Cherokee Nation | A Native American state established as indigenous peoples responded to American expansion and imperial pressure. |
| direct resistance | Immediate, confrontational opposition to imperial rule through military conflict, rebellion, or armed struggle. |
| imperial rule | The political control and governance exercised by an imperial power over colonized territories and peoples. |
| nationalism | A political ideology emphasizing loyalty to one's nation and the desire for national independence and self-determination. |
| political authority | The legitimate power to govern and make decisions within a state or political entity. |
| Sokoto Caliphate | An Islamic state established in West Africa (modern-day Nigeria) as a response to imperial expansion. |
| state building | The process by which political entities establish and strengthen their governmental institutions, territorial control, and administrative systems. |
| Zulu Kingdom | A state formed in Southern Africa that resisted European colonial expansion in the 19th century. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| commercial extraction | The large-scale removal and harvesting of natural resources from the environment for profit and trade. |
| cotton production | The cultivation and harvesting of cotton as a commercial crop for export, particularly significant in Egypt during this period. |
| environmental factors | Physical and natural conditions such as climate, geography, and natural resources that influence economic development and trade patterns. |
| export economies | Economic systems organized around the extraction and sale of natural resources and agricultural products to foreign markets for profit. |
| finished goods | Manufactured products that have been processed and are ready for sale to consumers, typically purchased with profits from raw material exports. |
| global economy | The interconnected system of economic production, trade, and financial flows that spans across nations and continents. |
| guano industries | The commercial extraction and export of guano (bird droppings) from Peru and Chile as a fertilizer and valuable trade commodity. |
| palm oil trade | The commercial extraction and export of palm oil from West Africa as a valuable commodity for industrial and consumer use. |
| raw materials | Unprocessed natural resources extracted from the environment, such as cotton, rubber, and metals, used as inputs for factory production. |
| rubber extraction | The commercial harvesting of rubber from trees in tropical regions, particularly in the Amazon and Congo basin, for export markets. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| commodities | Raw materials or goods that are produced and traded in large quantities, such as opium, cotton, palm oil, and copper. |
| economic imperialism | The practice of using economic pressure, control of trade, and business influence by industrialized nations to dominate and exploit less developed regions rather than direct political control. |
| global economy | The interconnected system of economic production, trade, and financial flows that spans across nations and continents. |
| industrialized states | Nations that have undergone industrialization and possess advanced manufacturing capabilities, technology, and economic power. |
| Opium Wars | Military conflicts between Britain and China in the 19th century fought over the trade of opium, resulting in British economic and political advantages in China. |
| trade advantage | An economic benefit gained by merchants and companies through control of commodity production, distribution, or access to markets. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| coerced labor migration | The forced movement of people from one location to another for labor purposes, including enslavement and convict labor. |
| convict labor | The forced labor of convicted criminals, used as a form of coerced migration to colonies and penal settlements. |
| demographics | Statistical data about populations, including size, growth, age distribution, and composition that influenced migration decisions. |
| economic factors | The financial, commercial, and labor-related conditions that influenced decisions about migration and relocation during the period 1750-1900. |
| enslavement | The forced subjugation of people into slavery, a form of coerced labor migration. |
| environmental factors | Physical and natural conditions such as climate, geography, and natural resources that influence economic development and trade patterns. |
| external migration | Movement of people across national or regional boundaries to settle in new territories. |
| global capitalist economy | An interconnected worldwide economic system based on private ownership, market exchange, and profit-driven production across international boundaries. |
| indentured servitude | A labor system in which workers, particularly Chinese and Indian migrants, were bound by contract to work for a specified period in exchange for passage and subsistence. |
| industrialized societies | Nations and regions that had developed factory-based manufacturing and industrial economies during the 18th and 19th centuries. |
| internal migration | Movement of people within a country or region, often from rural areas to cities. |
| migration patterns | The movement of people from one region to another during a specific historical period, characterized by particular directions, volumes, and demographic compositions. |
| modes of transportation | Methods and systems of moving people and goods, including steamships, railroads, and other innovations that facilitated migration. |
| patterns of migration | The distinct routes, destinations, and characteristics of population movements during the period 1750-1900, shaped by economic conditions. |
| semicoerced labor migration | Labor migration involving limited choice or consent, such as indentured servitude where workers were bound by contract. |
| unindustrialized societies | Nations and regions that maintained primarily agricultural or pre-industrial economies during the period of global industrialization. |
| urbanization | The process of population concentration in cities and the growth of urban areas as a result of migration and industrialization. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chinese Exclusion Act | U.S. legislation that restricted immigration and naturalization of Chinese people in the United States during the late 19th century. |
| ethnic enclaves | Concentrated communities of immigrants from the same ethnic or national background living in a specific geographic area, often preserving their cultural practices and traditions. |
| ethnic prejudice | Discriminatory attitudes and beliefs held against people based on their ethnic or national origin. |
| migration patterns | The movement of people from one region to another during a specific historical period, characterized by particular directions, volumes, and demographic compositions. |
| racial prejudice | Discriminatory attitudes and beliefs held against people based on their racial classification. |
| White Australia Policy | Australian government policy that restricted non-European immigration and promoted European settlement in Australia. |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| colonies | Territories under the political control and settlement of a foreign power, typically established for economic exploitation or strategic advantage. |
| consumer goods | Products manufactured for purchase and use by individual consumers rather than for further production or business use. |
| global capitalist economy | An interconnected worldwide economic system based on private ownership, market exchange, and profit-driven production across international boundaries. |
| imperialism | The policy and practice of extending a country's power and influence over other territories and peoples, typically through colonization and military force. |
| industrial capitalism | An economic system combining industrial production with capitalist principles, where private individuals and companies own and control the means of production for profit. |
| migration patterns | The movement of people from one region to another during a specific historical period, characterized by particular directions, volumes, and demographic compositions. |
| nation-states | Sovereign political units with defined territories, centralized governments, and populations sharing a common identity or nationality. |
| transoceanic empires | Political and territorial systems that extended across oceans, connecting European powers with colonies and territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. |