| alternate approaches | Different methods or strategies used to achieve research goals when the initial approach encounters difficulties or proves ineffective. |
| artistic processes | Creative approaches to inquiry that may include generating, conceptualizing, testing, and refining aesthetic approaches such as workshopping, storyboarding, composing, choreographing, staging, and model-making. |
| author's perspective | The viewpoint, bias, and assumptions that influence how an author presents information and interprets data. |
| authoritative | Recognized as having expert knowledge and trustworthy expertise in a particular subject area. |
| coding | The process of organizing and categorizing data or information to identify patterns, themes, or meaningful units. |
| contextualization | The process of placing a research problem within its broader circumstances, background, and framework to understand its significance and scope. |
| copyright laws | Legal protections that govern the use, reproduction, and distribution of original creative works and intellectual property. |
| correlations | Statistical relationships between two or more variables indicating how they vary together. |
| credibility | The quality of being trustworthy and believable, which is enhanced through accurate and ethical attribution of sources. |
| data analysis | The process of examining and interpreting collected data or information to identify patterns, trends, and meaning. |
| data collection | The process of gathering information or evidence through various methods to address a research question or project goal. |
| data collection instrument | The tool or method used to gather information from respondents or observers, such as surveys, questionnaires, or observation protocols. |
| descriptive statistics | Statistical methods used to summarize and display data characteristics such as mean, median, and standard deviation. |
| ethical research practices | Conducting research in accordance with moral principles and established guidelines to ensure responsible and honest scholarly work. |
| feasibility | The practical possibility of conducting a research project given available resources, time, and constraints. |
| generalizability | The extent to which research findings and conclusions can be applied to broader populations or contexts beyond the specific study. |
| inferences | Conclusions drawn from data or evidence that extend beyond the immediate observations to make broader claims. |
| inferential statistics | Statistical methods used to analyze data and draw conclusions about a larger population based on a sample. |
| inquiry process | A systematic approach to research that draws upon curiosity and imagination to explore complex issues and develop understanding. |
| institutional review board | A committee that reviews and approves research proposals involving human subjects to ensure ethical standards and protect participant rights. |
| intellectual property | Original creations of the mind, including written works, inventions, and personal information, that are protected by law from unauthorized use. |
| interpretation of texts | A qualitative method of analyzing written or recorded materials to extract meaning and understanding. |
| interviews | A qualitative data collection method involving direct conversation between a researcher and participant to gather information and insights. |
| long-term project | An extended research or inquiry effort that requires sustained effort over an extended period of time. |
| methods of inquiry | The systematic approaches, procedures, and techniques used to investigate questions or create artistic works. |
| mixed methods | A research approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis techniques. |
| modeling | A quantitative method of representing data or phenomena through mathematical or visual representations. |
| observational notes | Qualitative data recorded by a researcher through direct observation of phenomena, behaviors, or events. |
| open-ended survey questions | Survey questions that allow respondents to provide detailed, unrestricted responses rather than selecting from predetermined options. |
| patent laws | Legal protections that grant inventors exclusive rights to their inventions and prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of patented work. |
| pattern | Recurring sequences, structures, or relationships identified in evidence. |
| peer-reviewed | A process in which scholarly articles are evaluated and approved by disciplinary experts before publication. |
| perseverance | The ability to persist and continue working toward goals despite difficulties, setbacks, or obstacles in a research project. |
| population | The entire group or collection from which a sample is drawn in a research study. |
| precise measurements | Quantitative data collection involving exact, accurate numerical values obtained through standardized procedures. |
| project goal | The intended outcome or objective that a research project or scholarly inquiry aims to achieve. |
| qualitative research | A research method that focuses on understanding phenomena through descriptive data, such as interviews, observations, and open-ended responses. |
| quantitative research | A research method that focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical data using precise measurements and statistical procedures. |
| relevance | The quality of evidence being directly related to and supporting the specific claims or arguments being made. |
| reliability | The consistency and dependability of conclusions and data, reflecting how trustworthy and reproducible the results are. |
| research methods | The systematic procedures and techniques used to collect, analyze, and interpret data in a study. |
| research question | A focused inquiry that guides scholarly investigation and defines what the researcher seeks to explore, explain, or understand. |
| sample | A subset of a population or collection of artifacts selected for study in a research project. |
| scholarly inquiry | A systematic and rigorous investigation or research project conducted according to academic standards and methods. |
| scope | The boundaries and extent of a research project, including what is included and excluded from the inquiry. |
| self-sufficiency | The ability to work independently and solve problems on one's own while conducting research, even while seeking guidance from experts. |
| setbacks | Unexpected obstacles, failures, or delays that occur during the research process and require adaptation or alternative approaches. |
| structured data collection instruments | Validated tools and procedures used in quantitative research to systematically gather consistent and comparable data. |
| themes | Recurring ideas, concepts, or categories that emerge from organized and analyzed data or information. |
| triangulation | A method of combining multiple qualitative and/or quantitative data sources to verify and corroborate findings. |
| validity | The degree to which evidence is sound, reliable, and actually supports the claims being made. |