Territorial disputes: Territorial disputes occur when two or more countries claim ownership over a specific piece of land, often resulting in irregular political boundaries.
Enclaves/exclaves: Enclaves are territories completely surrounded by another country's territory, while exclaves are portions of one country separated from the main part by another country's territory.
Colonial legacy: Colonial legacy refers to the impact left by former colonial powers on current international borders, often resulting in irregular political boundaries.