Engels

Definition

Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, social scientist, and political theorist who is best known for his collaboration with Karl Marx in developing the theory of socialism and communism. Engels played a crucial role in articulating the principles of historical materialism and critiquing the capitalist system, which influenced various national unification movements across Europe in the 19th century, as well as highlighting the social tensions that arose during this period.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Engels co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto' in 1848, which became a foundational text for socialist movements across Europe.
2. He provided financial support to Marx during their collaboration, allowing Marx to focus on his writings and activism.
3. Engels was instrumental in expanding Marxist theory to include critiques of industrial society, particularly concerning workers' rights and living conditions.
4. He later wrote 'The Condition of the Working Class in England,' detailing the hardships faced by workers during the Industrial Revolution, which fueled demands for reform.
5. Engels believed that the unification of Germany and Italy could lead to greater social progress and the eventual establishment of socialism across Europe.

Review Questions

• How did Engels' ideas contribute to the movements for national unification in Europe during the 19th century?
  • Engels' ideas provided a theoretical framework that linked class struggle with national unification efforts. He believed that social progress could be achieved through the unification of working-class movements across national boundaries. His writings inspired many social reformers and revolutionaries who saw national unity as a way to address social injustices and advance towards socialism, especially in places like Germany and Italy.
• Evaluate how Engels' critique of capitalism influenced diplomatic tensions among European nations during his time.
  • Engels' critique of capitalism highlighted social disparities and class struggles that transcended national borders, contributing to rising tensions between capitalist nations. His work prompted concern among ruling elites about potential revolutions fueled by discontented working classes. This awareness led to both repression of socialist movements within countries and diplomatic maneuvers aimed at destabilizing rival nations perceived as threats to their own stability, further complicating international relations.
• Analyze the lasting impact of Engels' theories on modern political ideologies and their relation to national unification efforts.
  • Engels' theories laid the groundwork for various modern political ideologies that continue to influence national unification efforts today. His ideas about class struggle and economic inequality remain relevant in discussions about nationalism, particularly as contemporary movements seek to unite people based on shared socio-economic interests. The legacy of Engels is evident in ongoing debates about how economic systems shape national identity and cohesion, demonstrating that his impact on political thought extends far beyond his lifetime.

Related terms

Marxism: A socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that focuses on class struggle, the critique of capitalism, and the advocacy for a proletariat-led revolution to establish a classless society.

The Communist Manifesto: A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 that outlines the principles of communism, calls for the working class to rise against capitalist oppressors, and discusses the effects of capitalism on society.

Proletariat: The working class in capitalist societies, who sell their labor for wages and are considered key agents of change in the Marxist framework.