British Imperialism

Definition

British Imperialism refers to the policy and practice of extending British power and influence over other nations and territories, especially during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This expansion was motivated by economic interests, national prestige, and the belief in the civilizing mission of Western cultures. The impact of British Imperialism was profound, affecting global trade, culture, and political structures in colonized regions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. During the late 19th century, Britain controlled about a quarter of the world's landmass and population, making it the largest empire in history.
2. The British Empire's economic motivations included the desire for new markets for industrial goods and access to raw materials from colonized regions.
3. Imperialism led to significant cultural exchanges, but it also resulted in the suppression of local customs, languages, and governance structures in many colonies.
4. The establishment of railroads, telegraphs, and other infrastructures in colonies was aimed at facilitating trade and control, while also transforming local economies.
5. The effects of British Imperialism contributed to long-lasting political instability and economic challenges in many former colonies after independence.

Review Questions

• How did British Imperialism shape the economic structures of both Britain and its colonies?
  • British Imperialism significantly impacted economic structures by providing Britain with vast resources and new markets for its industrial products. Colonies were often forced into systems of extraction where local economies were oriented towards supplying raw materials to Britain. This created dependency that hindered local economic development, while Britain experienced economic growth from its imperial activities.
• Analyze how the ideologies surrounding British Imperialism influenced international relations during the 19th century.
  • The ideologies surrounding British Imperialism, including notions of racial superiority and the civilizing mission, shaped international relations by justifying expansionist policies and conflicts with other powers. As Britain sought to maintain its dominance, tensions arose with other European nations competing for territories, leading to conflicts such as the Boer War and increased militarization. This competition set the stage for alliances that would later contribute to World War I.
• Evaluate the long-term consequences of British Imperialism on former colonies after gaining independence.
  • The long-term consequences of British Imperialism on former colonies include political instability, economic challenges, and cultural dislocation. Many countries faced difficulties establishing stable governments due to imposed boundaries that did not reflect ethnic or cultural realities. Economically, reliance on cash crops or resource extraction established during imperial rule often persisted, making post-colonial economies vulnerable. Furthermore, the legacy of cultural suppression led to ongoing identity struggles in these nations as they sought to reclaim their heritage.

Related terms

Colonialism: A practice where a country establishes control over foreign territories, often involving the settlement of its population and exploitation of resources.

Scramble for Africa: The rapid invasion, colonization, and division of African territory by European powers during the late 19th century.

White Man's Burden: A phrase that encapsulates the idea that Western countries had a moral obligation to 'civilize' non-Western societies, often used to justify imperialism.