Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air cools down and changes back into liquid form, forming clouds or fog before eventually leading to precipitation.
The water cycle describes how water continuously moves between different reservoirs on Earth - including oceans, land surfaces, and the atmosphere - through processes such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
The rain shadow effect occurs when moist air rises over a mountain range, cools down, and releases most of its moisture on the windward side. As a result, the leeward side of the mountain experiences less precipitation and can be considered a 'shadow' in terms of rainfall.