Gulf Stream: A powerful warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the eastern coast of North America before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
Upwelling:The process by which deep, nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface due to offshore winds or other factors. It supports high productivity and biodiversity in coastal areas.
El Niño/La Niña: Climate patterns characterized by abnormal warming (El Niño) or cooling (La Niña) of surface waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, leading to global weather pattern changes.