Existentialism

Definition

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice, asserting that individuals are responsible for giving their own lives meaning in an indifferent or chaotic universe. This concept resonates strongly in literature, where characters often grapple with issues of purpose, identity, and the absurdity of life, reflecting the existentialist belief that human beings must navigate their own paths amidst uncertainty.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. In Melville's works, characters like Ishmael in 'Moby-Dick' often confront profound existential questions about life, death, and the search for meaning.
2. Melville's use of symbolism in 'Moby-Dick,' such as the whale representing the unknown or the unfathomable aspects of existence, aligns with existential themes.
3. Existentialism highlights the tension between individual choice and societal expectations, a theme that can be seen in Melville's portrayal of isolation and alienation among his characters.
4. The struggle against fate and the quest for personal identity are central to existentialist thought, echoing the inner turmoil faced by characters in Melville's short fiction.
5. Melville’s narratives frequently explore the idea that life’s meaning is subjective and must be crafted by each individual, mirroring existentialist beliefs about human freedom and responsibility.

Review Questions

• How does Melville use his characters to reflect existential themes in 'Moby-Dick'?
  • In 'Moby-Dick,' Melville uses characters like Ishmael and Captain Ahab to explore existential themes such as individual purpose and the search for meaning. Ishmael's reflections on life and death highlight the randomness of existence, while Ahab's obsessive quest for revenge against the whale symbolizes humanity's struggle against an indifferent universe. Through their journeys, Melville illustrates how personal choices shape one's identity amidst chaos.
• Discuss the significance of symbolism in Melville's short fiction as it relates to existentialism.
  • Symbolism plays a critical role in Melville's short fiction by providing deeper insight into existential themes. Objects like the whale in 'Moby-Dick' serve as symbols of the unknowable and uncontrollable aspects of life, emphasizing the absurdity faced by individuals. By incorporating such symbols, Melville invites readers to contemplate their own existence and the inherent challenges of finding meaning in a chaotic world.
• Evaluate how the existentialist themes in Melville's work challenge conventional narratives about human purpose and society.
  • Melville's exploration of existentialism challenges conventional narratives by presenting a view of humanity that is marked by uncertainty and individual responsibility. His characters often face dilemmas that force them to confront their own beliefs and values, rejecting societal norms in favor of personal authenticity. This emphasis on self-determination and the rejection of predetermined purpose forces readers to reconsider established ideas about morality, destiny, and what it means to lead a meaningful life.

Related terms

Absurdism: A philosophical perspective that highlights the conflict between humans' desire for meaning and the universe's inherent lack of it, often leading to feelings of disconnection and chaos.

Alienation: A feeling of disconnection from society or one's own self, often depicted in existentialist literature as characters struggle with their place in the world.

Authenticity: The quality of being true to one's own personality, spirit, or character, which is a key concern in existentialism as individuals seek to live genuine lives despite external pressures.