Existentialism

Definition

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice, asserting that individuals are responsible for creating meaning in their own lives despite an inherently meaningless or absurd world. This perspective often reflects the angst and alienation felt in modern society, encouraging personal authenticity and confronting the challenges of existence.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Existentialism emerged as a significant movement in the 20th century, influenced by thinkers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, who explored themes of freedom, choice, and the human condition.
2. The movement often critiques traditional philosophies and ideologies that offer absolute answers or structures, emphasizing instead the individual's role in defining their existence.
3. Existentialist literature often features protagonists who grapple with deep questions about their identity and purpose, reflecting the struggles faced by individuals in a modern, often chaotic world.
4. The themes of existentialism resonate in various artistic expressions, such as literature, film, and visual arts, illustrating the universal quest for meaning amid absurdity.
5. Existentialism has influenced other fields like psychology and theology, contributing to discussions about human nature, responsibility, and the search for personal meaning.

Review Questions

• How does existentialism address the concept of freedom and choice in relation to individual identity?
  • Existentialism posits that individuals have absolute freedom and choice regarding their actions and beliefs. This freedom is fundamental to shaping one’s identity since every decision contributes to a person's essence. The responsibility that comes with this freedom can lead to feelings of angst or anxiety, as individuals must confront the consequences of their choices while navigating an often meaningless world.
• Discuss how existentialist literature reflects the themes of alienation and authenticity through its characters.
  • Existentialist literature typically features characters who experience profound feelings of alienation as they confront the absurdity of existence. These characters often struggle to find authenticity in a society that imposes conformist norms. Through their journeys, they may seek to reclaim their identity by making conscious choices that reflect their true selves rather than succumbing to external expectations.
• Evaluate the impact of existentialism on modern philosophical thought and its relevance in contemporary society.
  • Existentialism has significantly shaped modern philosophical discourse by challenging established norms about existence and meaning. Its focus on individual experience resonates deeply in contemporary society where people often face existential crises fueled by rapid changes and uncertainties. The movement encourages a reevaluation of personal values and responsibilities in the face of life's inherent unpredictability, making it increasingly relevant as individuals seek authentic lives amidst societal pressures.

Related terms

absurdism: A philosophical perspective closely related to existentialism, which suggests that human beings exist in a purposeless and chaotic universe, leading to feelings of absurdity when trying to find meaning.

authenticity: The quality of being true to one's self and values, central to existentialist thought, as it promotes living a life that aligns with one's personal beliefs and desires.

existential crisis: A moment when an individual questions the very foundations of their life, often triggered by feelings of uncertainty, meaninglessness, or the awareness of mortality.