🎥Intro to Film Theory Unit 2 – Film Theory: Formalism vs. Realism

Key Concepts

• Formalism emphasizes the artistic and technical aspects of filmmaking, focusing on how the film is constructed and presented
• Realism stresses the importance of depicting the world as it is, capturing the authenticity and truth of the subject matter
• Mise-en-scène encompasses all elements placed in front of the camera, including setting, lighting, costumes, and actor positioning
• Montage is the editing technique of juxtaposing shots to create meaning, emotion, or a sense of time passing
• Auteur theory suggests that the director is the primary creative force behind a film, imprinting their personal style and vision onto the work
• Suspension of disbelief refers to the audience's willingness to accept the fictional world of the film as real for the duration of the viewing experience
• Diegetic and non-diegetic elements refer to sounds and visuals that either exist within the film's world (diegetic) or outside of it (non-diegetic, like a musical score)

Historical Context

• Formalism and Realism emerged as dominant theories in the early 20th century, as filmmakers and theorists sought to understand the unique properties of the medium
• The Soviet Montage movement in the 1920s, led by filmmakers like Sergei Eisenstein, emphasized the power of editing to create meaning and emotional impact
• German Expressionism in the 1920s, exemplified by films like The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, used stylized sets, lighting, and acting to convey psychological states and abstract ideas
• Italian Neorealism in the 1940s and 1950s, as seen in films like Bicycle Thieves, focused on depicting the struggles of everyday people using non-professional actors and location shooting
• The French New Wave in the 1950s and 1960s, led by directors like Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut, combined formalist techniques with a realist approach to storytelling and character development
• The rise of digital filmmaking in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has led to new possibilities for both formalist experimentation and realist representation

Major Theorists and Their Ideas

• Sergei Eisenstein, a Soviet filmmaker and theorist, developed the concept of montage as a means of creating intellectual and emotional associations through the juxtaposition of images
  • Eisenstein's theories emphasized the importance of conflict and dialectical opposition in creating dynamic and meaningful cinema
• André Bazin, a French film critic and theorist, championed realism in cinema, arguing that the medium should strive to capture the ambiguity and complexity of reality
  • Bazin favored long takes, deep focus cinematography, and minimal editing to preserve the spatial and temporal integrity of the filmed event
• Siegfried Kracauer, a German film theorist, believed that cinema's unique ability to record and reveal physical reality made it an essential tool for understanding the modern world
  • Kracauer argued that realist films could help audiences confront and critique the social and political realities of their time
• Rudolf Arnheim, a German psychologist and film theorist, applied Gestalt psychology principles to the study of cinema, emphasizing the importance of composition, movement, and visual perception in creating meaning
• Béla Balázs, a Hungarian film theorist, explored the expressive potential of cinema, focusing on the psychological and emotional impact of close-ups, camera angles, and other formal techniques
• Lev Kuleshov, a Soviet filmmaker and theorist, conducted experiments demonstrating the power of editing to create meaning and guide audience interpretation, known as the Kuleshov Effect

Formalism in Film

• Formalist films prioritize the artistic and technical aspects of filmmaking over the representation of reality
• Emphasis is placed on visual composition, lighting, camera movements, and editing techniques to create a specific mood, convey emotions, or symbolize ideas
• Formalist filmmakers often use stylized or exaggerated elements (expressionistic set design, abstract visual patterns) to evoke psychological states or convey subjective experiences
• Editing plays a crucial role in formalist cinema, with techniques like montage, cross-cutting, and rhythmic cutting used to create meaning and guide audience interpretation
• Formalist films may employ non-linear or fragmented narratives, drawing attention to the constructed nature of the cinematic experience
• Examples of formalist films include The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), Battleship Potemkin (1925), and Citizen Kane (1941)

Realism in Film

• Realist films aim to depict the world as it is, capturing the authenticity and truth of the subject matter
• Emphasis is placed on naturalistic acting, location shooting, and minimal editing to preserve the integrity of the filmed event
• Realist filmmakers often use non-professional actors, improvisation, and documentary-style techniques to achieve a sense of authenticity
• Editing in realist films is typically minimal and unobtrusive, using long takes and deep focus cinematography to maintain spatial and temporal continuity
• Realist films often explore social, political, and economic issues, focusing on the struggles and experiences of everyday people
• Examples of realist films include Bicycle Thieves (1948), The 400 Blows (1959), and Dogme 95 films like The Celebration (1998)

Comparing Formalism and Realism

• Formalism and Realism represent two contrasting approaches to filmmaking, each with its own set of priorities and techniques
• Formalist films prioritize artistic expression and the manipulation of cinematic elements to create meaning, while realist films aim to capture the truth and authenticity of the world as it is
• Formalism often employs stylized or exaggerated elements, while realism favors naturalistic and documentary-style techniques
• Editing plays a central role in formalist cinema, while realist films typically minimize editing to preserve spatial and temporal continuity
• Formalist films may use non-linear or fragmented narratives, while realist films often follow a more straightforward, chronological structure
• Both approaches have had a significant impact on the development of cinema, with many films and filmmakers combining elements of formalism and realism to create unique and compelling works

Practical Applications

• Understanding the principles of formalism and realism can help filmmakers make informed decisions about how to approach their projects, from scriptwriting to post-production
• Formalist techniques can be used to create visual and emotional impact, convey subjective experiences, and symbolize abstract ideas
  • For example, a horror film might employ expressionistic lighting and camera angles to evoke a sense of unease or psychological distress
• Realist techniques can be used to create a sense of authenticity, explore social issues, and engage audiences on a more immediate, visceral level
  • For example, a documentary-style drama about a working-class family might use non-professional actors and location shooting to capture the texture and rhythm of everyday life
• Many films combine elements of formalism and realism to create a unique aesthetic and narrative approach
  • For example, a film like Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) uses formalist techniques (fragmented narrative, surreal visual effects) to explore the subjective experience of memory and relationships, while grounding the story in the realist emotions and interactions of its characters
• Filmmakers can use their understanding of formalism and realism to analyze and deconstruct existing films, identifying the techniques and strategies used to create meaning and emotional impact

Impact on Modern Cinema

• The principles of formalism and realism continue to shape contemporary filmmaking, with many directors drawing on the techniques and ideas developed by early theorists and practitioners
• The rise of digital filmmaking has opened up new possibilities for both formalist experimentation and realist representation
  • For example, the use of digital visual effects allows filmmakers to create highly stylized, formalist images, while the increased accessibility of high-quality digital cameras has made it easier for filmmakers to capture realist footage on location
• The influence of formalism can be seen in the work of directors like Wes Anderson, Quentin Tarantino, and David Lynch, who use highly stylized visual and narrative techniques to create distinctive cinematic worlds
• The influence of realism can be seen in the work of directors like the Dardenne brothers, Hirokazu Kore-eda, and Kelly Reichardt, who use naturalistic performances, location shooting, and minimal editing to explore the lives of everyday people
• Many contemporary films and television series combine elements of formalism and realism to create complex, multi-layered narratives that engage audiences on both an aesthetic and emotional level
  • For example, a series like Breaking Bad uses formalist techniques (stylized cinematography, non-linear storytelling) to explore the psychological journey of its characters, while grounding the story in the realist details of the American Southwest and the drug trade
• As cinema continues to evolve, the principles of formalism and realism remain essential tools for understanding and creating meaningful, impactful films that resonate with audiences around the world