1. What is resting potential and what is the charge of a neuron at rest?

2. How does the distribution of ions inside and outside the neuron create resting potential?

3. What is depolarization and how does it lead to an action potential?

4. What is the all-or-nothing principle and how does it apply to neural firing?

5. What is the refractory period and why is it necessary for neural function?

6. What factors affect the speed of neural impulses and what is the typical range of conduction speed?

1. What happens when an action potential reaches the terminal buttons?

2. What are postsynaptic neurons and how do they receive neurotransmitter signals?

3. What is reuptake and what is the alternative way neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?

1. What are the primary functions of acetylcholine in the nervous system?

2. How does blocking acetylcholine receptors result in paralysis?

3. What is myasthenia gravis and how does it disrupt normal neural transmission?

1. What behaviors and mental processes are affected by serotonin levels?

2. How do SSRIs work to treat depression?

1. What is the role of dopamine in reward and motivation?

2. How does dopamine deficiency affect motor control and what condition results from this?

3. How does excessive dopamine relate to schizophrenia symptoms?

1. What is the role of norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system and the fight-flight-or-freeze response?

2. How do SNRIs treat depression?

1. What is GABA and what effects does it have on the central nervous system?

2. What happens when GABA levels are too low?

1. What is glutamate and what role does it play in learning and memory?

2. What is long-term potentiation and how does glutamate facilitate this process?

1. What are endorphins and what is their primary function?

2. What is substance P and what role does it play in pain perception and mood regulation?

1. What is the difference between agonists and antagonists and how do they affect neurotransmitter function?

2. What are examples of agonists and antagonists and how are they used therapeutically?

1. What is tolerance and how does it develop with long-term drug use?

2. What is addiction and what are its key characteristics?

3. What is withdrawal and what types of symptoms can occur?

1. How does caffeine increase alertness and what neurotransmitter does it affect?

2. How does nicotine affect the brain's reward system?

3. How does cocaine affect neurotransmitter reuptake and what are its effects on mood and energy?

4. What is amphetamine and how does it treat ADHD and narcolepsy?

5. How does methamphetamine differ from amphetamine and what are its dangers?

6. What is MDMA/Ecstasy and how does it affect neurotransmitter levels?

1. What are depressants and how do they affect neural activity?

2. How does alcohol affect the brain and what neurotransmitters does it disrupt?

3. What are sedatives and how do they reduce anxiety?

4. What are benzodiazepines and how do they affect the central nervous system?

1. What are hallucinogens and what are common examples?

2. What are the effects of LSD and what types of dependence can it cause?

3. What is THC and how does it affect brain function through cannabinoid receptors?

4. What are the long-term effects of chronic marijuana use on cognition and memory?

1. How do opioids reduce pain and create euphoria?

2. What are endorphins and how do opiates mimic their effects?

3. What is anhedonia and how does it result from prolonged opioid use?