1. What are the two ways a first-person narrator can present events, and what is the effect of each approach on the reader's experience?

2. How does direct address to the reader function in first-person narration, and what effect does it create?

1. How does second-person narration using 'you' affect the reader's relationship to the story?

1. How does the narrative distance of a first-person major character compare to that of a third-person narrator?

2. What are the three types of third-person narrators and how do they differ in their narrative distance to characters and settings?

3. How does narrative distance change through a text, and what effect does this zooming in and out create for readers?

1. How does Mary Shelley's use of nested first-person narratives in Frankenstein demonstrate the concept of zooming in and out with narrative distance?

2. What types of narrative distance does Robert Walton have as the framing narrator, and how do these distances differ from Victor Frankenstein's?

3. Why does the monster's narration have very little narrative distance, and what effect does this create on the reader's understanding of the creature?

1. What is the difference between interior monologue and stream of consciousness, and how does each represent a character's thoughts?

2. How does stream of consciousness reveal a character's mind, and what typically triggers the flow of thoughts in this technique?

3. What strategies should readers use to understand stream of consciousness passages, and why is comprehension important before drawing inferences?

1. What is perspective in literature, and how do characters' backgrounds and personalities influence their relationships and choices?

2. What is bias, and how might an unreliable narrator use bias to influence readers through the inclusion or omission of information?

1. How do a narrator's or character's choices of adjectives and adverbs reveal their perspective and attitude toward people, places, or things?

2. What is tone, and how is it conveyed through details, diction, and syntax?

3. How can writers use complex syntax to express nuanced or conflicting attitudes within a single passage?