1. What is culture and how does it function as both a visible and invisible force in society?

2. What are cultural traits and cultural complexes, and how do they differ?

3. What are the three ways that children and adults learn cultural traits?

1. What is a culture hearth and how do geographers use this concept to study cultural development?

2. What are taboos and how do they reflect cultural values?

1. What are the key characteristics of folk cultures and how do they differ from traditional cultures?

2. What defines indigenous cultures and what are examples of indigenous peoples who have maintained their cultural practices?

1. How has space-time compression accelerated cultural change and what role has globalization played in this process?

2. What is popular culture and how does it spread globally through hierarchical diffusion?

3. How do traditional and popular cultures differ in their approach to change and diversity?

1. What is the difference between artifacts, mentifacts, and sociofacts in cultural analysis?

2. How do nuclear families and extended families illustrate differences in sociofacts across cultures?

1. What is a cultural landscape and what does it reveal about a group's cultural beliefs and values?

2. What is placelessness and how does it affect the homogeneity of modern cultural landscapes?

3. How do toponyms and architectural styles reflect cultural change along geographic boundaries?

1. What is the built environment and how does it reflect the cultural differences between regions?

1. How does traditional architecture differ from postmodern and contemporary architecture in materials, design, and cultural meaning?

2. What do postmodern and contemporary architectural styles reflect about globalized popular culture?

1. What are ethnic enclaves and what functions do they serve for ethnic groups?

2. How do ethnic enclaves reflect both cultural preservation and responses to discrimination?

1. How do gender roles differ between folk and popular cultures?

2. What are gendered spaces and how do they reflect cultural values about gender?

1. What are cultural regions and why do they often not follow political borders?

2. What are culture realms and what shared traits unite cultures within a realm?

1. What are sacred places and how do they influence the cultural landscape?

2. How do Christian churches reflect both religious beliefs and environmental adaptation?

3. What architectural features characterize Hindu temples and how do they relate to Hindu beliefs?

4. How do stupas and pagodas reflect Buddhist values about nature and meditation?

1. What is a charter group and how does it influence the cultural landscape?

2. How do ethnic islands in rural areas differ from ethnic neighborhoods in urban areas?

3. What is sequent occupancy and how does it create layered cultural landscapes?

1. How can the arrival of new ethnic groups create both positive changes and cultural tension in neighborhoods?

2. What is neolocalism and how do communities use it to respond to global culture?

1. Why is mapping the origins and diffusion of religions important for understanding global cultural patterns?

2. What historical patterns explain the regional distribution of different Christian denominations in the United States?

1. How does scale of analysis affect what we can observe about religious and ethnic diversity?

1. How do geographers distinguish between ethnicity and nationality?

2. Why do people sometimes identify with both their ethnicity and nationality in different orders?

1. What are centripetal forces and how do they unify cultural groups and regions?

2. What are centrifugal forces and how can they lead to conflict in multicultural states?

3. How do religious and ethnic differences contribute to centrifugal forces in places like Ireland and Iraq?

1. What is Sharia and how has it been adopted by some governments?

2. How do religious beliefs influence daily practices, weekly observances, and annual celebrations?

3. What are food taboos and what religions practice them?

1. What is religious fundamentalism and how does it relate to literal interpretation of holy texts?

2. How does distance decay affect the strength of religious fundamentalism?

3. What is a theocracy and what role does Sharia play in theocratic governments?

1. What is ethnocentrism and how can it lead to misunderstandings and conflict between groups?

2. What is cultural relativism and how does it differ from ethnocentrism?

3. What is cultural appropriation and why is it controversial?

1. What is relocation diffusion and how does it spread cultural traits?

2. How do examples like pizza in the United States and English in Appalachia illustrate relocation diffusion?

1. What is expansion diffusion and how does it differ from relocation diffusion?

2. How does contagious diffusion spread cultural traits and what is an example?

3. What is hierarchical diffusion and why do most popular culture traits follow this pattern?

4. What is reverse hierarchical diffusion and how do tattoos and Walmart illustrate this process?

1. What is stimulus diffusion and how do Hindu fast food and European porcelain illustrate this process?