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ap psychology unit 5 study guides

mental and physical health

unit 5 review

Mental and physical health are interconnected aspects of overall well-being. This unit explores the biological, psychological, and social factors that influence health, as well as common mental health disorders and their treatments. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes the interplay between genetics, brain function, personality traits, and social support in shaping health outcomes. Stress, coping mechanisms, and lifestyle choices play crucial roles in maintaining both mental and physical wellness.

Key Concepts and Definitions

  • Health encompasses a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
  • Mental health involves an individual's emotional, psychological, and social well-being, affecting how they think, feel, and act
  • Physical health refers to the overall functioning and well-being of the body, including the absence of disease or injury
  • Stress is the body's response to any demand or challenge, which can be positive (eustress) or negative (distress)
  • Coping mechanisms are strategies individuals use to manage and adapt to stressful situations (problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping)
  • Biopsychosocial model emphasizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness
  • Psychoneuroimmunology studies the interactions between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system

Biological Factors in Health

  • Genetics play a significant role in an individual's susceptibility to certain health conditions (heart disease, diabetes, mental disorders)
  • Neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, regulate mood, emotions, and cognitive functions, and imbalances can contribute to mental health issues
  • Hormones, like cortisol and adrenaline, are involved in the body's stress response and can impact physical and mental health when chronically elevated
  • Brain structure and function abnormalities have been linked to various mental health disorders (reduced hippocampal volume in depression, prefrontal cortex dysfunction in schizophrenia)
  • Immune system dysfunction has been associated with increased risk of physical illnesses (autoimmune disorders) and mental health problems (inflammation and depression)
  • Circadian rhythms, the body's internal 24-hour clock, regulate sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and other physiological processes, and disruptions can lead to health issues
    • Shift work and jet lag can disrupt circadian rhythms, leading to sleep disorders, metabolic problems, and mood disturbances

Psychological Factors in Health

  • Personality traits, such as neuroticism and conscientiousness, can influence health behaviors and coping strategies
    • Individuals high in neuroticism may be more prone to anxiety and depression, while those high in conscientiousness tend to engage in healthier behaviors
  • Cognitive factors, including beliefs, attitudes, and expectations, shape an individual's perception of health and illness and can impact treatment adherence
  • Emotional states, such as chronic stress, anxiety, and depression, can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of physical health problems
  • Learned helplessness, a perceived lack of control over one's circumstances, can lead to feelings of hopelessness and a decreased motivation to engage in health-promoting behaviors
  • Self-efficacy, an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a task or behavior, can influence the adoption and maintenance of healthy habits
  • Coping styles, such as problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, can affect an individual's ability to manage stress and adapt to health challenges
  • Resilience, the capacity to bounce back from adversity, can help individuals maintain mental and physical well-being in the face of stress and hardship

Social and Cultural Influences

  • Social support from family, friends, and community can buffer the negative effects of stress and promote mental and physical health
    • Lack of social support has been linked to increased risk of depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) can impact access to healthcare, education, and resources, leading to health disparities
    • Lower SES is associated with higher rates of chronic diseases, mental health problems, and mortality
  • Cultural beliefs and practices shape attitudes towards health, illness, and treatment-seeking behaviors
    • Some cultures may stigmatize mental health issues, leading to delayed help-seeking and underutilization of services
  • Discrimination and marginalization based on race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation can contribute to chronic stress and adverse health outcomes
  • Social norms and expectations can influence health behaviors, such as diet, exercise, and substance use
  • Work and family roles can create competing demands and contribute to stress, particularly for women who often bear a disproportionate burden of caregiving responsibilities
  • Neighborhood and community characteristics, such as access to green spaces, healthy food options, and safety, can impact physical and mental health

Stress and Coping Mechanisms

  • Acute stress is a short-term response to a specific stressor, while chronic stress involves prolonged exposure to stressors over an extended period
  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describes the body's three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
  • Allostatic load refers to the cumulative wear and tear on the body resulting from chronic stress and ineffective coping
  • Problem-focused coping involves taking action to address the source of stress directly (seeking information, developing a plan)
  • Emotion-focused coping aims to manage the emotional distress associated with stress (relaxation techniques, seeking social support)
  • Maladaptive coping strategies, such as substance abuse or avoidance, may provide temporary relief but can exacerbate stress and health problems in the long run
  • Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a program that combines mindfulness meditation, yoga, and body awareness to help individuals manage stress and improve well-being

Common Mental Health Disorders

  • Anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and phobias, involve excessive fear, worry, and physical symptoms
  • Depressive disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD), are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities
  • Bipolar disorder involves alternating episodes of mania (elevated mood, increased energy) and depression
  • Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and impaired cognitive functioning
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after exposure to a traumatic event and involves intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood changes, and hyperarousal
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety
  • Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, involve disturbances in eating behaviors and a preoccupation with body weight and shape

Physical Health and Wellness

  • Nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining physical health, with a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins promoting optimal functioning
  • Regular physical activity and exercise can improve cardiovascular health, strengthen bones and muscles, boost mood, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases
  • Sleep is essential for physical and mental restoration, with chronic sleep deprivation linked to increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mood disorders
  • Substance use, including tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs, can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health
    • Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems
  • Preventive healthcare, such as regular check-ups, screenings, and vaccinations, can help detect and prevent potential health issues early on
  • Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, are long-lasting conditions that can significantly impact quality of life and require ongoing management
  • Sexual health involves physical, emotional, and social well-being related to sexuality and includes the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies

Treatment and Intervention Approaches

  • Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, involves working with a mental health professional to address emotional, behavioral, and mental health concerns
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors
    • Interpersonal therapy (IPT) addresses interpersonal issues and aims to improve communication and relationship skills
  • Pharmacotherapy involves the use of medications to treat mental health disorders, such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and antipsychotics
  • Lifestyle interventions, such as regular exercise, stress management techniques, and improved sleep hygiene, can be used alone or in conjunction with other treatments to promote mental and physical well-being
  • Psychoeducation involves providing individuals and families with information about mental health conditions, treatment options, and coping strategies to foster understanding and empowerment
  • Collaborative care models integrate mental health care into primary care settings, promoting a holistic approach to health and improving access to services
  • Community-based interventions, such as public health campaigns and school-based programs, aim to promote mental health awareness, reduce stigma, and prevent the onset of mental health problems
  • Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches, such as acupuncture, meditation, and herbal remedies, may be used in conjunction with conventional treatments to support mental and physical health

Frequently Asked Questions

What topics are covered in AP Psych Unit 5 (Mental and Physical Health)?

Unit 5 covers Mental and Physical Health (topics 5.1–5.5). You’ll get an intro to health psychology and stress—think GAS, coping, and tend-and-befriend. There’s a chunk on positive psychology: well-being, gratitude, strengths, and posttraumatic growth. The unit also explains how disorders are defined: perspectives, DSM/ICD, and models like biopsychosocial and diathesis-stress. You study a representative set of disorders (neurodevelopmental; schizophrenia spectrum; depressive and bipolar; anxiety and OCD-related; dissociative; trauma/stressor-related; feeding/eating; personality). Finally, it covers treatment: psychotherapies, ethics, group vs. individual therapy, hypnosis, medications, and biological interventions such as ECT and TMS. Fiveable’s Unit 5 study guide, cheatsheets, and cram videos can help (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-psych-revised/unit-5).

How much of the AP Psych exam is Unit 5?

You’ll see Unit 5 weighted at about 18%–28% of the AP Psychology exam, based on the AP Course and Exam Description. That means roughly a fifth to a little over a quarter of scored content (multiple-choice and FRQs) focuses on health psychology, positive psychology, disorders, and treatments. Coverage can shift slightly between administrations, so prioritize mastering topics 5.1–5.5 and the related science practices. For a concise review and unit-specific practice, check Fiveable’s Unit 5 guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-psych-revised/unit-5). For mixed practice and timed drills, use Fiveable’s practice bank (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/psych-revised).

What's the hardest part of AP Psych Unit 5?

A lot of students find explaining and classifying psychological disorders (topics 5.3–5.4) the toughest part. Many disorders share overlapping symptoms, have nuanced diagnostic criteria, and show comorbidity. It’s easy to mix up major depressive vs. persistent depressive disorder or panic disorder vs. specific phobia. Treatment nuances (topic 5.5) are tricky too—distinguishing therapy types, medication classes, and evidence-based interventions takes careful study. Focus on defining symptoms, typical age of onset, and hallmark differences between categories. Practice applying definitions with multiple-choice items and case vignettes. For targeted review, try Fiveable’s Unit 5 study guide, cheatsheets, cram videos, and practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-psych-revised/unit-5) and the practice bank (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/psych-revised).

How should I study for AP Psych Unit 5 — best study guide/notes and Quizlet strategies?

Kick off with Fiveable’s Unit 5 study guide for a focused review of Mental and Physical Health (5.1–5.5) (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-psych-revised/unit-5). Use active retrieval: write short-answer prompts (define health psychology, list anxiety disorders, compare CBT vs. biomedical treatments) and self-test with spaced intervals. For Quizlet, create your own sets or pick curated ones. Use Learn and Write modes and mix straight term–definition cards with application prompts—give a case and name the disorder or treatment. Pair flashcard sessions with concept maps that link causes, symptoms, and treatments so facts sit in context. For extra practice and quick refreshers, use Fiveable’s practice questions and cram videos (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/psych-revised).

Where can I find AP Psych Unit 5 practice tests and review materials?

You can find Unit 5 practice tests and review materials on Fiveable’s Unit 5 page, which matches the CED topics and exam weight and includes a focused study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-psych-revised/unit-5). That unit page also links to cheatsheets and cram videos for quick refreshers on disorders, treatments, and health-psych concepts. For more mixed practice and timed drills, use Fiveable’s practice bank—1000+ practice questions with explanations—at (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/psych-revised). Those resources are great for targeted review before quizzes or the AP exam.

Are Unit 5 mental and physical health topics changed for AP Psych 2025?

Unit 5 is still called “Mental and Physical Health” (topics 5.1–5.5) and is described in the current CED. You can find the unit content at (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-psych-revised/unit-5). It still covers stress and coping, positive psychology, how disorders are defined and classified, representative disorders (neurodevelopmental, mood, anxiety, OCD, dissociative, trauma-related, eating, personality, schizophrenia spectrum), and treatment approaches. The exam weight remains about 18–28%. Minor wording or emphasis can shift when the CED is updated, but the scope and learning objectives for 2025 match the outline above. For a concise review, Fiveable has a Unit 5 study guide, cheatsheets, and cram videos at the same link to help you prep efficiently.

How long should I study AP Psych Unit 5 to feel prepared for the exam?

Plan for about 10–20 focused hours spread over 2–4 weeks. Unit 5 (Mental and Physical Health) is 18–28% of the exam and covers 5.1–5.5, so give extra time to disorders (5.3–5.4) and treatments (5.5). Break it into 6–10 one-hour sessions: 1 hour each for 5.1 and 5.2, 3–5 hours total for 5.3–5.4 using active recall, and 2–3 hours for 5.5 including practice FRQ outlines. Add 2–4 hours for mixed practice questions and timed FRQ practice. If you’ve only got two weeks or less, prioritize disorder categories and treatments and do daily 30–60 minute practice sets. For focused review and practice aligned to the exam, use the College Board’s AP Psychology Course and Exam Description and past exam questions — see the unit’s topic listings and past FRQs at AP Central.