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🇯🇵ap japanese language and culture review

敬語 (keigo) in AP Japanese Language and Culture

Verified for the 2027 exam
Verified for the 2027 exam•Fiveable Content Team

Definition

敬語とは、話し相手や話題の人物との関係(年齢・立場・内と外)に応じて使い分ける丁寧な言葉遣いの体系です。丁寧語・尊敬語・謙譲語の三種類に大きく分けられます。日本語の敬語は単なる礼儀ではなく、社会的な関係性そのものを言語で表現するものです。

This definition is part of Fiveable's AP Japanese Language and Culture review, which also has guided practice questions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. 丁寧語は「です・ます」体が代表的で、初対面や公式な場面で広く使われる。
  2. 尊敬語は相手の行動や状態を高めて表現するもので、「いらっしゃる」「おっしゃる」などが例として挙げられる。
  3. 謙譲語は自分や内グループの行動をへりくだって表現するもので、「申す」「いたす」などが代表的である。
  4. 部活動では後輩が先輩に対して敬語を使うことが求められ、上下関係が言語に反映される。
  5. ビジネスの場では敬語の使い方が相手への敬意と自社の印象を左右するため、社会人になる前に習得が求められる。

Review Questions

  • What are the three main categories of keigo in Japanese, and how do they differ in function?
    • The three categories are teineigo (polite language, e.g., desu/masu forms), sonkeigo (respectful language that elevates the actions of the listener or a third party, e.g., irassharu), and kenjōgo (humble language that lowers the speaker's own actions to show deference, e.g., mōsu). Together they allow speakers to precisely express social relationships through language.
  • Why is keigo considered culturally significant beyond just being a grammatical feature of Japanese?
    • Keigo reflects and reinforces Japan's social hierarchy and the uchi/soto distinction. Using the correct level of keigo signals respect, awareness of one's social position, and group membership. Incorrect use can be seen as rude or socially inappropriate, making it a marker of cultural competence.
  • How might an AP Japanese interpersonal speaking prompt test a student's knowledge of keigo?
    • A prompt might place the student in a conversation with a senpai or a neighbor they are meeting for the first time, requiring them to use sonkeigo for the other person's actions and kenjōgo for their own. Correctly using set phrases like 'yoroshiku onegaishimasu' and avoiding plain speech in such contexts would demonstrate appropriate keigo use.

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