Advaita

Definition

Advaita is a philosophical concept in Hinduism that translates to 'non-duality' or 'not two.' It asserts that the individual self (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman) are fundamentally one and the same, leading to the understanding that all distinctions and separations are illusory. This perspective emphasizes the unity of existence, challenging the perception of dualism in the relationship between the self and the universe.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Advaita is primarily associated with the teachings of Adi Shankaracharya, who popularized its concepts in the 8th century CE.
2. The philosophy of Advaita argues that knowledge and realization of one's true nature lead to liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death (samsara).
3. Advaita contrasts with Dvaita, which posits a dualistic understanding of God and individual souls as distinct entities.
4. The practice of meditation and self-inquiry is crucial in Advaita for realizing the oneness of Atman and Brahman.
5. Advaita has influenced various spiritual traditions beyond Hinduism, including aspects of Buddhism and contemporary non-duality teachings.

Review Questions

• How does Advaita challenge the traditional understanding of dualism in relation to Atman and Brahman?
  • Advaita challenges traditional dualism by asserting that Atman, the individual self, is not separate from Brahman, the ultimate reality. This philosophical standpoint emphasizes that any perceived distinction between self and universe is an illusion. In this view, realizing that both are fundamentally one leads to liberation and a deeper understanding of existence.
• Discuss how Maya relates to the practice of Advaita and the pursuit of liberation.
  • Maya is central to Advaita as it represents the illusion that leads individuals to perceive separation between Atman and Brahman. Understanding Maya is essential for practitioners because it highlights how attachments and misconceptions cloud their awareness of true reality. Through practices such as meditation and self-inquiry, individuals can transcend Maya, recognizing their oneness with Brahman and ultimately achieving liberation from samsara.
• Evaluate the impact of Adi Shankaracharya's teachings on Advaita philosophy and its reception in contemporary spiritual movements.
  • Adi Shankaracharya significantly shaped Advaita philosophy by articulating its principles and providing systematic commentaries on key texts. His influence has extended beyond traditional Hindu contexts into contemporary spiritual movements that emphasize non-duality. Today, many modern thinkers draw on Shankaracharya's insights to promote a more universal understanding of spirituality that transcends religious boundaries, resonating with those seeking unity in a fragmented world.

Related terms

Brahman: The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, representing the source of all existence.

Atman: The individual self or soul in Hinduism, believed to be identical with Brahman in the context of Advaita philosophy.

Maya: The illusion or deceptive nature of the material world in Hindu philosophy, which obscures the true understanding of non-duality.