key term - Advaita

Definition

Advaita is a non-dual philosophical tradition within Hinduism that emphasizes the oneness of the individual self (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). It is considered one of the most influential schools of classical Indian philosophy.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Advaita Vedanta, founded by the philosopher Adi Shankara, is the most prominent and influential school of Advaita philosophy.
2. The central tenet of Advaita is the non-dual nature of reality, where Atman (the individual self) and Brahman (the ultimate reality) are seen as one and the same.
3. Advaita emphasizes the importance of self-knowledge (Atma-jnana) and the realization of the true nature of the self as non-different from Brahman.
4. The concept of Maya, or the illusory nature of the phenomenal world, is crucial in Advaita philosophy, as it explains the apparent duality and multiplicity of the world.
5. Advaita Vedanta has had a significant influence on the development of other Indian philosophical traditions, as well as on the broader understanding of Hinduism.

Review Questions

• Explain the core principle of Advaita philosophy and how it differs from other Indian philosophical traditions.
  • The core principle of Advaita philosophy is the non-dual nature of reality, where the individual self (Atman) is seen as identical with the ultimate reality (Brahman). This is in contrast to other Indian philosophical traditions, such as Dvaita (dualism), which posit a fundamental distinction between the individual self and the divine. Advaita emphasizes the realization of this oneness as the path to liberation, rather than the worship of a separate divine entity.
• Describe the role of the concept of Maya in Advaita philosophy and how it relates to the understanding of the phenomenal world.
  • The concept of Maya is central to Advaita philosophy, as it explains the apparent duality and multiplicity of the phenomenal world. Maya is understood as the illusory or temporary veil that obscures the true non-dual nature of reality, causing individuals to perceive the world as separate from the self and Brahman. Advaita philosophers argue that it is the realization of the true nature of Maya, and the transcendence of the illusion it creates, that leads to the ultimate understanding of the oneness of Atman and Brahman.
• Analyze the significance of the concept of Atma-jnana (self-knowledge) in Advaita philosophy and its role in the process of liberation or enlightenment.
  • In Advaita philosophy, the attainment of Atma-jnana, or self-knowledge, is considered the key to liberation (moksha) from the cycle of rebirth and the realization of one's true nature as non-different from Brahman. The process of Atma-jnana involves the systematic investigation and direct experience of the true self, transcending the illusions created by Maya. Through this self-inquiry and the realization of the identity between Atman and Brahman, the individual is said to achieve a state of non-dual awareness and liberation from the bondage of ignorance and suffering.

Related terms

Brahman:

The ultimate, non-dual, and absolute reality in Advaita philosophy, often described as the impersonal, infinite, and eternal ground of all existence.

Atman:

The individual self or soul, which is believed to be identical with Brahman in Advaita philosophy, transcending the illusion of separateness.

Maya:

The illusory or phenomenal world of appearances, which in Advaita is considered a temporary veil that obscures the true nature of Brahman.