Lead-acid batteries

Definition

Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable electrical energy storage devices that utilize lead dioxide (PbO2) as the positive plate and sponge lead (Pb) as the negative plate, submerged in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid. This type of battery is widely used due to its reliability, low cost, and ability to deliver high surge currents, making it suitable for various applications, including underwater robotics for long-term deployments.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Lead-acid batteries are among the oldest types of rechargeable batteries and were invented in 1859 by Gaston Planté.
2. These batteries have a relatively low energy density compared to newer battery technologies, but they excel in providing high power outputs and can deliver substantial currents.
3. Lead-acid batteries are fully recyclable, with about 97% of their components being recoverable, making them environmentally friendly when disposed of properly.
4. In underwater robotics, lead-acid batteries are often used because they can provide reliable power for extended missions while being cost-effective.
5. The lifespan of a lead-acid battery can be extended through proper maintenance practices, such as ensuring regular charging and avoiding deep discharges.

Review Questions

• How do lead-acid batteries function, and what are their key components that contribute to their effectiveness in powering underwater robots?
  • Lead-acid batteries operate through an electrochemical reaction between lead dioxide and sponge lead in the presence of sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. The positive plate is made from lead dioxide, while the negative plate consists of sponge lead. This combination allows the battery to produce a significant amount of electrical current, which is crucial for powering underwater robots that require reliable energy sources for extended operations.
• Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using lead-acid batteries for long-term underwater deployments compared to other battery technologies.
  • Lead-acid batteries offer several advantages for long-term underwater deployments, including their relatively low cost, high surge current capability, and established recycling processes. However, they also have disadvantages such as lower energy density and weight compared to lithium-ion or nickel-metal hydride batteries. This means that while they are economical and reliable, users must consider their physical size and weight limitations when designing underwater robotic systems.
• Discuss the impact of advancements in battery technology on the future use of lead-acid batteries in underwater robotics.
  • Advancements in battery technology, particularly with the rise of lithium-ion and other advanced materials, pose challenges for the continued use of lead-acid batteries in underwater robotics. As these new technologies offer higher energy densities, lighter weights, and longer lifespans, there may be a shift towards their adoption. However, due to the low cost and established recycling methods associated with lead-acid batteries, they may still remain relevant for budget-conscious projects or applications where weight is less critical. The decision will ultimately depend on balancing cost versus performance requirements in specific underwater missions.

Related terms

Electrolyte: A substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a solvent, commonly used in batteries to facilitate the flow of electric current.

Deep Cycle Battery: A type of lead-acid battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using most of its capacity, often used in applications requiring sustained power over a longer period.

Battery Management System (BMS): An electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery by monitoring its state, controlling its environment, and balancing charging and discharging to ensure optimal performance and safety.