Marxism

Definition

Marxism is a socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society achieved through revolutionary means. Central to Marxism is the idea that societal progress occurs through the conflict between different social classes, primarily the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (working class). This theory played a significant role in the ideological foundation of various political movements, especially during significant historical events like the Russian Revolution.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Marxism argues that capitalism is inherently exploitative, leading to class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
2. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was significantly influenced by Marxist ideology, leading to the establishment of a communist government under the Bolsheviks.
3. Marx believed that history is driven by material conditions and class conflict, which would ultimately lead to the overthrow of capitalism.
4. The term 'dictatorship of the proletariat' refers to a transitional state in Marxist theory where the working class holds political power to dismantle capitalist structures.
5. Marxism inspired various revolutionary movements around the world, with interpretations varying based on local contexts and conditions.

Review Questions

• How does Marxism explain the relationship between the bourgeoisie and proletariat in society?
  • Marxism posits that there is an inherent conflict between the bourgeoisie, who control the means of production and wealth, and the proletariat, who are exploited for their labor. This relationship is characterized by oppression and exploitation, where the bourgeoisie profits from the work of the proletariat. According to Marxist theory, this class struggle is a driving force for social change and ultimately leads to revolutionary movements aimed at establishing a classless society.
• In what ways did Marxism influence the events and outcomes of the Russian Revolution?
  • Marxism provided a theoretical framework for the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution, arguing that the proletariat must rise against the bourgeois ruling class. The revolution aimed to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat to dismantle capitalism and implement socialism. The success of this revolution exemplified how Marxist ideas could be applied in practice, resulting in significant political changes in Russia and inspiring other socialist movements worldwide.
• Evaluate the long-term impacts of Marxism on global political ideologies following its introduction during the 19th century.
  • Marxism has had profound long-term impacts on global political ideologies since its introduction. It sparked numerous revolutionary movements across various continents, leading to the establishment of socialist states in countries like China, Cuba, and Vietnam. Additionally, Marxist thought has influenced various fields beyond politics, including sociology, economics, and cultural studies. However, interpretations of Marxism have diversified over time, leading to debates about its relevance and applicability in contemporary socio-political contexts.

Related terms

Bourgeoisie: The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production, often in opposition to the working class.

Proletariat: The working class, who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor to survive, according to Marxist theory.

Dialectical Materialism: A philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of material conditions and economic factors in the development of society and history, foundational to Marxist thought.