Imperialism

Definition

Imperialism is the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means. This often involves the domination of one nation over another, leading to significant cultural, economic, and political changes in the colonized regions. The effects of imperialism have been profound, shaping global trade networks, national identities, and political ideologies.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The rise of industrialization in the 19th century fueled imperialism, as European nations sought new markets for their goods and sources for raw materials.
2. Imperialism significantly influenced political thought, leading to the development of ideologies such as nationalism and Social Darwinism, which rationalized expansionist policies.
3. In Africa, European powers competed for territory during the 'Scramble for Africa,' resulting in the exploitation and colonization of vast areas by various nations.
4. The British Empire's control over India showcased how imperialism could reshape local economies and societies, with railroads and telegraphs transforming communication and trade.
5. Mercantilist practices drove European nations to acquire colonies to secure resources and markets, believing that wealth was based on accumulating precious metals through trade.

Review Questions

• How did industrialization contribute to the rise of imperialism in the 19th century?
  • Industrialization created a demand for new markets and raw materials, which drove European powers to seek expansion into Africa and Asia. Factories needed resources like rubber, cotton, and minerals that were abundant in colonized regions. Additionally, advancements in technology made it easier for nations to explore and conquer distant lands, further fueling the imperialist drive.
• Discuss the impact of imperialism on national identities in colonized regions.
  • Imperialism often disrupted existing social structures and national identities within colonized regions. European powers imposed their cultures, languages, and governance systems onto local populations. This led to a complex legacy where some people began to identify more with their colonial rulers than with their traditional societies. In many cases, resistance movements emerged as people sought to reclaim their cultural identity and assert independence.
• Evaluate the long-term consequences of imperialism on global economics and politics in the 20th century.
  • The long-term consequences of imperialism laid the groundwork for significant economic disparities and political tensions that persisted into the 20th century. Many formerly colonized nations struggled with underdevelopment and dependency on former colonial powers. The arbitrary borders drawn during imperial rule often led to ethnic conflicts and instability post-independence. Additionally, anti-colonial movements inspired global decolonization efforts, reshaping international relations and leading to the emergence of new nation-states.

Related terms

Colonialism:

A specific form of imperialism where a country establishes control over foreign territories, often settling its own population there and exploiting resources.

Neocolonialism: The practice of using economic, political, and cultural pressures to control or influence other countries, particularly former colonies, without direct military intervention.

Social Darwinism:

A belief that applied the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, justifying imperialism by suggesting that stronger nations had the right to dominate weaker ones.