Tympanum

Definition

A tympanum is a semi-circular or triangular decorative space above a door or window, typically found in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. It often features intricate carvings or reliefs that depict biblical scenes, saints, or symbolic motifs, serving both decorative and didactic purposes. The tympanum acts as a focal point that draws attention to the entrance of a church or cathedral, emphasizing the spiritual message conveyed through its imagery.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The tympanum often features scenes from the Last Judgment or significant moments from Christ's life, which were intended to educate the illiterate population about biblical stories.
2. During the Romanesque period, tympana became larger and more elaborate, reflecting the increased importance of church architecture in society.
3. The imagery on tympana often followed iconographic programs that had specific meanings tied to Christian theology and morality.
4. Tympana were typically placed above the main entrance of churches, symbolizing the threshold between the earthly realm and the divine.
5. As architectural styles evolved into Gothic architecture, tympana became more intricate and expressive, showcasing an increased emphasis on naturalism and emotional expression.

Review Questions

• How do tympana function as a visual tool in Romanesque architecture to convey religious messages?
  • Tympana serve as important visual tools in Romanesque architecture by presenting religious narratives and symbols prominently above doorways. These decorative elements engage worshippers and visitors, drawing them into the spiritual message conveyed through detailed carvings. The scenes depicted often illustrate key biblical stories or theological themes that help educate an otherwise largely illiterate population about their faith and values.
• Compare and contrast the use of tympana in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. What changes occurred in their design and purpose?
  • In Romanesque architecture, tympana are characterized by their bold, geometric shapes and clear iconography focused on teaching religious narratives. As architecture transitioned into the Gothic style, tympana evolved into more intricate designs with greater naturalism and emotional depth. This shift reflects a broader cultural change, where architectural elements began to emphasize human experience and beauty, while still serving their original purpose of conveying important religious themes.
• Evaluate the significance of tympana within the broader context of medieval art and architecture, considering their role in society and culture.
  • Tympana play a significant role within medieval art and architecture by acting as both decorative features and educational tools. They encapsulate key religious teachings in visually arresting ways that resonate with viewers, thereby contributing to the societal focus on faith during this era. Additionally, as architectural elements, they highlight the relationship between art and spirituality in medieval life, marking entrances to sacred spaces while reflecting broader cultural values and artistic developments throughout the Middle Ages.

Related terms

architrave: The main beam resting across the tops of columns, forming the lowest part of the entablature in classical architecture.

lintel: A horizontal structural element that spans an opening, such as a door or window, and supports the weight above it.

relief sculpture: A sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material, allowing for varying depths to create images.