The Middle Ages
Arabic numerals are the ten symbols (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) used to represent numbers in the decimal numeral system. These numerals were developed by Indian mathematicians and later transmitted to the Islamic world, where they were further refined and popularized. Their adoption in Europe during the Middle Ages facilitated mathematical advancements and contributed to the interactions and conflicts between Muslim and Christian cultures.
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