Wahhabism

Definition

Wahhabism is a conservative Islamic doctrine and reform movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century in present-day Saudi Arabia. It seeks to return to what its adherents believe is the purest form of Islam, emphasizing strict monotheism and the rejection of practices viewed as innovations or idolatry. This movement is often connected to Islamic fundamentalism as it promotes a literal interpretation of the Quran and Hadith, aligning with a broader push towards a more traditional and austere practice of Islam.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Wahhabism is rooted in a strict interpretation of Islamic texts and rejects practices like tomb veneration, celebrating the Prophet Muhammad's birthday, and other forms of devotion seen as shirk (idolatry).
2. The alliance between Wahhabism and the House of Saud has been crucial in shaping Saudi Arabia’s religious and political landscape since the 18th century.
3. Wahhabism has faced criticism for its rigid views and perceived intolerance towards other Islamic traditions and sects, particularly Shia Islam.
4. The influence of Wahhabism extends beyond Saudi Arabia, with significant funding for mosques and educational institutions promoting its teachings around the world.
5. In contemporary contexts, Wahhabism has been linked to various extremist movements and groups that adopt its rigid interpretations to justify violent actions.

Review Questions

• How does Wahhabism's interpretation of Islamic texts compare to other Sunni movements like Salafism?
  • Wahhabism shares many similarities with Salafism, particularly in its emphasis on returning to the practices of the early Muslims. Both movements advocate for a literal interpretation of Islamic texts and reject innovations in religion. However, Wahhabism is specifically tied to the doctrines established by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and has unique historical and political connections to Saudi Arabia, making it distinct in its application and influence compared to other forms of Salafism.
• Discuss how the alliance between Wahhabism and the Saudi state has impacted both religious practice and international relations.
  • The alliance between Wahhabism and the Saudi state has profoundly influenced religious practice within Saudi Arabia by embedding strict interpretations of Islam into governance. This relationship has facilitated the spread of Wahhabi teachings globally through funding mosques and educational programs. Internationally, this connection has sparked debates regarding religious extremism and contributed to tensions with countries that have different Islamic practices or interpretations, particularly those with significant Shia populations.
• Evaluate the role of Wahhabism in shaping contemporary Islamic fundamentalist movements and its implications for global security.
  • Wahhabism plays a significant role in shaping contemporary Islamic fundamentalist movements by providing a framework for interpreting Islam that emphasizes strict adherence to traditional texts. This rigidity has been adopted by various extremist groups that use its principles to justify violence and militancy. The global spread of Wahhabi ideologies raises concerns about radicalization, complicating efforts towards fostering dialogue and understanding among diverse Muslim communities, thus impacting overall global security dynamics.

Related terms

Salafism:

A movement within Sunni Islam that advocates a return to the practices of the 'salaf' or the earliest Muslims, similar in many ways to Wahhabism.

Saudi Arabia: A country that has adopted Wahhabism as its official religious doctrine, significantly influencing its legal and social structures.

Jihad: In its broader sense, jihad refers to the struggle or effort in the way of God, but can also denote armed struggle, which Wahhabi interpretations may endorse in certain contexts.