Howards End

Definition

Howards End is a novel by E.M. Forster that explores themes of social class, connection, and the struggle between individualism and collectivism in early 20th century England. The story centers around the interactions between three families: the wealthy Wilcoxes, the artistic Schlegels, and the lower-class Basts, reflecting the complexities of Edwardian society and its evolving values. The novel emphasizes the importance of human relationships and the interconnectedness of people across different social strata.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The central motif of Howards End is the phrase 'Only connect,' which symbolizes Forster's call for understanding and empathy between different social classes.
2. The novel critiques the materialism of the upper classes while highlighting the emotional and spiritual needs of individuals from all backgrounds.
3. Howards End serves as a microcosm of Edwardian society, depicting tensions between progressivism and traditional values, particularly through its representation of women and their roles.
4. The narrative structure intertwines multiple perspectives, allowing readers to understand the motivations and conflicts faced by each family involved in the story.
5. Forster's portrayal of Howards End itself as a character reflects the notion of place as integral to identity and connection among individuals.

Review Questions

• How does E.M. Forster use the character dynamics between the Wilcoxes, Schlegels, and Basts to illustrate social class disparities in Howards End?
  • Forster uses these three families to showcase the stark contrasts between social classes in Edwardian society. The wealthy Wilcoxes represent capitalist values and material success, often disregarding deeper emotional connections. In contrast, the Schlegels embody liberal humanist ideals, valuing intellect and relationships over wealth. The Basts symbolize the struggles of the lower class, caught in a web of aspiration yet faced with harsh realities. This interplay highlights how social class influences personal relationships and societal structures.
• Discuss how Howards End critiques materialism in Edwardian society through its characters and themes.
  • Through characters like Henry Wilcox, Forster critiques materialism by illustrating how wealth leads to emotional detachment and moral ambiguity. The Wilcoxes' focus on property and status often results in a lack of genuine human connection. Conversely, characters such as Margaret Schlegel advocate for deeper connections and social responsibility. The tension between these perspectives demonstrates Forster's critique of an increasingly materialistic society that neglects the significance of empathy and community.
• Evaluate how Forster’s use of the setting in Howards End contributes to its themes of connection and disconnection within Edwardian society.
  • The setting of Howards End itself serves as a powerful symbol for connection among characters from different social classes. It represents not just a physical space but also a bridge between disparate lives. The house embodies themes of heritage, belonging, and personal identity. By contrasting urban London with the pastoral qualities of Howards End, Forster emphasizes both the allure and challenges of reconciling modernity with traditional values. This duality illustrates how place can shape relationships and reflect societal changes.

Related terms

Modernism: A literary movement characterized by a break from traditional forms and an exploration of new styles, often reflecting the disillusionment and fragmentation of the early 20th century.

Class Consciousness: The awareness of one's social class and the influence it has on one's identity, experiences, and interactions within society.

Liberal Humanism: An ideological perspective that emphasizes human values, ethics, and the importance of individual agency, often associated with a belief in progress and social reform.