Degeneration

Definition

Degeneration refers to the idea of decline or deterioration, particularly in relation to physical, mental, or moral aspects of individuals and society. This concept was prominent in fin de siècle fiction, reflecting anxieties about cultural and societal shifts during the late 19th century, often portraying characters or societies that seemed to regress from a perceived ideal state.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Degeneration was often portrayed through physical deformities or moral failures in characters, illustrating fears about the weakening of societal values and norms.
2. The concept was influenced by contemporary theories in biology and psychology, particularly ideas proposed by figures like Cesare Lombroso, who associated criminality with physical degeneration.
3. In literature, degeneration frequently served as a critique of modernity, suggesting that rapid industrialization and urbanization led to a loss of humanity and connection to nature.
4. Authors such as Oscar Wilde and Thomas Hardy incorporated themes of degeneration to reflect their concerns about aestheticism and the impact of societal changes on individual identity.
5. The idea of degeneration also intersected with discussions around imperialism, where colonizers viewed colonized peoples as 'degenerate,' justifying exploitation and domination.

Review Questions

• How does the concept of degeneration manifest in the characters and narratives within fin de siècle fiction?
  • In fin de siècle fiction, degeneration is often depicted through characters who exhibit physical or psychological decline, serving as a reflection of societal anxieties. These narratives frequently include characters that struggle with moral corruption or madness, symbolizing a broader cultural decay. This portrayal underscores the fear that society is regressing from a more noble or enlightened state due to rapid changes brought about by modernity.
• In what ways did scientific theories of the time influence the representation of degeneration in literature?
  • Scientific theories from figures like Lombroso informed literary representations of degeneration by linking physical appearance with moral character. This created a narrative where certain traits were seen as indicators of a degenerate nature. Such perspectives allowed authors to explore complex themes surrounding identity and morality while engaging with contemporary discourses on heredity and social Darwinism, further deepening the connection between science and fiction during this period.
• Evaluate how degeneration serves as both a theme and a critique of modern society in fin de siècle literature.
  • Degeneration functions as a multifaceted theme that critiques modern society by illustrating how industrialization and urbanization contribute to moral and physical decline. Authors used this concept to highlight the loss of individuality and authenticity amid societal pressures. By depicting characters trapped in cycles of degeneration, writers expressed their concerns about modern life's dehumanizing effects, ultimately challenging readers to reflect on the consequences of progress and what it means for humanity's future.

Related terms

Decadence: A cultural movement associated with a sense of moral decay and aestheticism, often highlighting themes of excess and the decline of societal values.

Nihilism: A philosophical belief that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value, often linked to feelings of disillusionment during times of societal change.

Pessimism: An outlook characterized by a tendency to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen, frequently found in literature reflecting the anxieties of the fin de siècle period.