Excavation

Definition

Excavation is the process of systematically digging, uncovering, and recording artifacts and features from a site in order to gather information about past human activities and cultures. This method plays a crucial role in archaeology as it allows researchers to understand the context and relationships of the materials found, which are essential for reconstructing historical narratives. It is a key technique used in various archaeological sites to reveal layers of history and cultural significance.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Excavation involves careful planning and methodical digging to ensure that artifacts are preserved in their original context, which is crucial for accurate analysis.
2. Different excavation techniques, such as vertical or horizontal digging, are used depending on the goals of the research and the nature of the site.
3. Archaeologists use tools like trowels, brushes, and screens during excavation to delicately remove soil and uncover artifacts without causing damage.
4. Excavations can reveal not only artifacts but also features like hearths, post holes, and building foundations, providing a fuller picture of past human life.
5. Excavation findings can lead to important insights about cultural practices, trade, social organization, and technological advancements of ancient societies.

Review Questions

• How does excavation contribute to understanding the social structure of ancient societies?
  • Excavation allows archaeologists to uncover artifacts and features that reflect the daily lives and social organization of ancient societies. For example, the layout of a settlement or the types of artifacts found can indicate levels of social stratification or communal activities. By analyzing these findings within their context, researchers can infer how different groups interacted and organized themselves within their community.
• Discuss the importance of stratigraphy in relation to excavation techniques and how it enhances archaeological interpretation.
  • Stratigraphy is crucial during excavation because it helps establish the chronological order of layers at a site. As archaeologists excavate, they carefully record the depth and location of artifacts within different strata. This method enhances interpretation by allowing researchers to understand not only what was present at a given time but also how human activity evolved over periods. By analyzing these layers, archaeologists can connect artifacts to specific events or cultural practices, leading to more accurate historical narratives.
• Evaluate the impact of excavation findings from the Terracotta Army on our understanding of the Qin dynasty's political and military organization.
  • The excavation of the Terracotta Army has significantly impacted our understanding of the Qin dynasty's political and military organization. The scale and detail of the army suggest a highly organized state with advanced military strategies. Each figure represents not just soldiers but also ranks and roles within a structured hierarchy. Analyzing these findings helps scholars comprehend how the Qin dynasty maintained control over its vast territory and how it viewed concepts like power and immortality through elaborate burial practices. Thus, excavation findings from this site illuminate both political authority and cultural beliefs prevalent during this influential period.

Related terms

Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification), which helps archaeologists understand the chronological sequence of human activity at a site.

Artifact: Any object made or used by humans, often recovered during excavations, which provides insight into past cultures and societies.

Site Survey: A preliminary investigation conducted to locate and assess archaeological sites before excavation begins, often involving mapping and surface collection.