The formula $$n = \frac{z^2 \cdot \sigma^2}{e^2}$$ is used to determine the appropriate sample size needed to estimate a population parameter within a specified margin of error. Here, 'n' represents the sample size, 'z' is the z-score corresponding to the desired confidence level, 'sigma' is the population standard deviation, and 'e' is the margin of error. Understanding this formula helps in designing studies that yield reliable and valid results by ensuring that the sample is adequately sized to reflect the target population.
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