Apogee and Perigee Adjustments

Definition

Apogee and perigee adjustments refer to the maneuvers made by satellites to change their orbits, specifically the points at which they are farthest (apogee) and closest (perigee) to the Earth. These adjustments are crucial for maintaining a satellite's operational orbit, ensuring its functionality, and managing space debris by positioning defunct satellites in graveyard orbits away from operational ones.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Apogee is the highest point in a satellite's orbit around the Earth, while perigee is the lowest point.
2. Maneuvering a satellite to its apogee or perigee can help optimize its performance by maintaining the intended orbital parameters.
3. When satellites become non-operational, proper apogee and perigee adjustments can prevent them from becoming hazardous space debris.
4. The process of making these adjustments often requires precise calculations and planning to minimize fuel consumption and maximize efficiency.
5. Regular adjustments may be needed due to gravitational perturbations from the Moon, Sun, or other celestial bodies that affect a satellite's orbit.

Review Questions

• How do apogee and perigee adjustments influence a satellite's operational capabilities?
  • Apogee and perigee adjustments directly influence a satellite's operational capabilities by allowing it to maintain optimal orbital parameters. When a satellite reaches its intended altitude at apogee or perigee, it can ensure better coverage, communication, or data collection. These adjustments also help compensate for orbital decay or perturbations that may occur over time, keeping the satellite functional and effective in its mission.
• Discuss the importance of making proper apogee and perigee adjustments for decommissioned satellites.
  • Making proper apogee and perigee adjustments for decommissioned satellites is crucial for minimizing space debris and ensuring the safety of operational satellites. By moving non-operational satellites into graveyard orbits through these adjustments, they are effectively removed from active areas of space traffic. This practice helps maintain a sustainable space environment, reducing collision risks and allowing active satellites to function without interference.
• Evaluate how advancements in technology could change the methods used for apogee and perigee adjustments in future satellite missions.
  • Advancements in technology could significantly alter the methods used for apogee and perigee adjustments in future satellite missions by introducing more efficient propulsion systems, enhanced automation for maneuvering processes, and improved algorithms for orbital calculations. Innovations like ion propulsion or electric thrusters could allow for more precise and fuel-efficient adjustments. Moreover, improved tracking systems could lead to better predictions of gravitational influences on orbits, resulting in more effective maintenance of satellite operations while further reducing the risk of generating space debris.

Related terms

Orbit Raising: A maneuver performed to increase a satellite's altitude, often involving engine burns at specific points in its orbit.

Graveyard Orbit: A designated orbit used to dispose of satellites that are no longer operational, typically located above the geostationary orbit.

Delta-V: The change in velocity needed for a spacecraft to perform maneuvers such as orbit adjustments.