Augmented Sixth Chords

Definition

Augmented sixth chords are a specific type of chord used in music that typically contains the interval of an augmented sixth above the bass note. These chords often function as dominant preparations, leading to the resolution to the dominant chord, and are known for their ability to create tension and drive in harmonic progressions. They are characterized by their unique structure and can take on various forms, such as Italian, French, and German augmented sixth chords, each with distinct characteristics and resolutions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Italian augmented sixth chord consists of three notes: the root, the augmented sixth above it, and the tonic of the dominant key, usually functioning to resolve to V.
2. The French augmented sixth chord adds an additional note (the second degree) compared to the Italian version, providing more color and tension before resolving.
3. The German augmented sixth chord includes a perfect fifth alongside its augmented sixth interval, giving it a fuller sound and often resolving to a major or minor triad.
4. Augmented sixth chords are typically notated as A6 or A7 with their respective variations (Italian, French, German) based on their structure and notes.
5. These chords are prevalent in classical music but can also be found in jazz and contemporary compositions, showcasing their versatility across genres.

Review Questions

• Compare and contrast the different types of augmented sixth chords and their functions in harmony.
  • Italian, French, and German augmented sixth chords each have distinct note structures and resolutions. The Italian version is simpler with three notes, primarily functioning as a dominant preparation. The French variant includes an additional note that adds complexity and color, enhancing tension before resolution. The German version has a more robust sound with an added perfect fifth, making it suitable for more dramatic resolutions. Understanding these differences helps musicians choose the right chord for specific harmonic contexts.
• Discuss how augmented sixth chords contribute to tension in musical compositions and their typical resolutions.
  • Augmented sixth chords create significant tension due to their unique intervallic structure, specifically the augmented sixth that resolves outward by half-step. Typically resolving to the dominant chord (V), they prepare listeners for a strong sense of resolution. This tension-release dynamic is essential in building excitement within musical phrases, as composers use these chords strategically to heighten emotional impact before transitioning to more stable harmonic areas.
• Evaluate the role of augmented sixth chords in modern music compared to their usage in classical compositions.
  • In classical music, augmented sixth chords serve as powerful harmonic tools for creating tension before resolving to dominant harmonies. In modern music genres like jazz and contemporary pop, these chords are often employed for their rich colors and emotional depth rather than strict resolution. Musicians use them creatively for unexpected shifts and unique progressions, allowing for greater expressive freedom. This evolution showcases how traditional harmonic concepts can adapt to new contexts while maintaining their core functions.

Related terms

Dominant Chord: A dominant chord is a type of chord built on the fifth scale degree of a key, known for creating strong tension that resolves to the tonic.

Subdominant Chord: The subdominant chord is built on the fourth scale degree and often leads to the dominant or tonic chords, playing a crucial role in tonal harmony.

Resolution: Resolution refers to the movement from a dissonant chord to a consonant chord, creating a sense of completion or rest within a harmonic progression.