The English Civil War

Definition

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 to 1651, primarily over the governance of England and the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament. This war resulted in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, leading to the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. The conflict had profound effects on literature and religious expression during the period, influencing many writers and poets.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The English Civil War is often divided into three main phases: the First Civil War (1642-1646), the Second Civil War (1648), and the Third Civil War (1649-1651).
2. The war was marked by significant battles such as the Battle of Naseby in 1645, which was a decisive victory for the Parliamentarians.
3. The conflict led to significant changes in English society, including a shift in power dynamics that saw Parliament gain greater authority over governance.
4. Notable literary figures such as John Milton were influenced by the war, with their works reflecting themes of conflict, freedom, and religious belief.
5. The aftermath of the war saw the establishment of a republic under Cromwell, which was a radical shift from traditional monarchy, impacting future political thought in England.

Review Questions

• How did the English Civil War influence religious poetry during this time?
  • The English Civil War created an environment where questions of authority and divine rule were intensely debated. Poets like George Herbert expressed their devotional beliefs amid this turmoil, reflecting on personal faith and societal conflict. The war intensified religious sentiments, leading to a rich tradition of devotional verse that grappled with themes of salvation, conflict, and piety.
• What role did Milton's writings play during and after the English Civil War?
  • Milton's writings, particularly 'Paradise Lost,' emerged from the tumultuous backdrop of the English Civil War and its aftermath. His epic poetry tackled profound questions about free will, obedience, and divine justice, all influenced by his views on authority shaped by the civil strife. The conflict underscored his arguments against tyranny and for individual liberty, making his work a significant commentary on political and religious issues of his time.
• In what ways did the outcomes of the English Civil War shape future governance and literature in England?
  • The outcomes of the English Civil War fundamentally altered governance in England by challenging monarchical absolutism and paving the way for constitutional developments. The establishment of the Commonwealth under Cromwell introduced new political ideas that influenced future governance structures. Simultaneously, literature flourished as writers like Milton explored themes of freedom, authority, and human experience in their works. This blend of political change and literary innovation set the stage for later Enlightenment thinking in England.

Related terms

Parliamentarians: Supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War who sought to limit the power of the monarchy and expand parliamentary authority.

Royalists: Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, who believed in the divine right of kings and sought to maintain monarchical power.

Commonwealth: The period of republican government in England from 1649 to 1660, established after the execution of King Charles I, characterized by the rule of Oliver Cromwell.