The energy-momentum relation is a fundamental equation in physics that connects an object's total energy, momentum, and mass. It is often expressed as $$E^2 = (pc)^2 + (m_0c^2)^2$$, where 'E' is the total energy, 'p' is the momentum, 'c' is the speed of light, and 'm_0' is the rest mass. This relation highlights how energy and momentum are conserved in relativistic processes, which are described by Lorentz transformations, allowing for calculations in systems moving at significant fractions of the speed of light.
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