Radiobiology

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Cancer

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Radiobiology

Definition

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. These rogue cells can form tumors, invade nearby tissues, and metastasize to distant parts of the body, often disrupting normal bodily functions. Cancer arises from genetic mutations that can result from various factors, including environmental influences like free radicals and disruptions in the cell cycle, which include checkpoints that normally prevent such unchecked growth.

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5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, potentially leading to mutations that contribute to cancer development.
  2. The cell cycle consists of various phases, including checkpoints that monitor and regulate the progression of the cell cycle; failure in these checkpoints can result in uncontrolled cell division seen in cancer.
  3. There are two main types of tumors: benign, which are non-cancerous and do not spread, and malignant, which invade other tissues and can metastasize.
  4. Cancer can be triggered by both intrinsic factors (such as inherited genetic mutations) and extrinsic factors (such as exposure to carcinogens like radiation and chemicals).
  5. Treatment strategies for cancer often involve a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies aimed at specific genetic alterations within cancer cells.

Review Questions

  • How do free radicals contribute to the formation of cancer?
    • Free radicals can cause oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage. This damage may result in mutations if not properly repaired. When mutations occur in critical genes that regulate cell growth or apoptosis, they can drive the transformation of normal cells into cancerous ones. Therefore, understanding the role of free radicals is essential in grasping how cellular damage can lead to cancer development.
  • Discuss the importance of cell cycle checkpoints in preventing cancer.
    • Cell cycle checkpoints are critical regulatory mechanisms that ensure proper cell division. They monitor the integrity of DNA and assess whether the conditions are suitable for progression through each phase of the cell cycle. If these checkpoints fail due to mutations in associated genes, it may lead to unchecked cellular proliferation characteristic of cancer. Thus, maintaining the function of these checkpoints is vital for preventing tumor formation.
  • Evaluate the multifactorial nature of cancer development with respect to genetic and environmental influences.
    • Cancer development is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Genetic mutations may arise spontaneously or be inherited, affecting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Concurrently, external factors such as exposure to carcinogens—like UV radiation or tobacco smoke—can induce further genetic alterations. This multifactorial nature emphasizes the need for comprehensive approaches in both cancer prevention strategies and treatment regimens to address both internal and external risk factors.
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