Oligodendrocytes

Definition

Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system responsible for producing myelin, which insulates axons to facilitate rapid electrical communication between neurons. They play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of neural circuits.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons in the central nervous system.
2. Damage to oligodendrocytes is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis, leading to demyelination and impaired neural function.
3. Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons simultaneously, unlike Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.
4. They originate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during brain development and throughout life.
5. Therapies targeting oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination are being researched for multiple sclerosis treatment.

Review Questions

• What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
• How are oligodendrocytes affected in multiple sclerosis?
• What distinguishes oligodendrocytes from Schwann cells?

Related terms

Myelin:

A fatty substance produced by oligodendrocytes that insulates neuronal axons.

Demyelination:

The process or condition where myelin sheaths are damaged or destroyed, often seen in diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs): Cells that give rise to mature oligodendrocytes and are involved in myelination.