Eastern Zhou

Definition

The Eastern Zhou was a period in Chinese history that lasted from 770 to 256 BCE, marking the second half of the Zhou dynasty. This era is characterized by the fragmentation of power, with the central authority weakened and various states emerging, leading to political and military conflicts. It is also significant for its philosophical developments, particularly the rise of Confucianism and Daoism, which shaped Chinese culture and society.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Eastern Zhou period is divided into two main sub-periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. The capital was moved to Luoyang in 770 BCE, signaling the start of the Eastern Zhou period and reflecting the declining power of the Zhou kings.
3. During this time, numerous philosophical schools emerged, including Confucianism and Daoism, profoundly impacting Chinese thought.
4. The Eastern Zhou was marked by the feudal system's breakdown as local lords gained more power at the expense of the Zhou king's authority.
5. The Warring States Period saw advancements in military strategy, technology, and statecraft, leading to significant developments in governance and warfare.

Review Questions

• What were some key features of governance during the Eastern Zhou period that contributed to its fragmentation?
  • During the Eastern Zhou period, the central authority of the Zhou kings weakened significantly as local lords asserted their power. This fragmentation resulted from a feudal system where regional states operated independently and often competed against one another for resources and territory. The inability of the Zhou kings to maintain control led to an environment where war became common, especially during the Warring States Period when rival states vied for dominance.
• How did philosophical movements like Confucianism emerge during the Eastern Zhou period, and what impact did they have on Chinese society?
  • Confucianism emerged during the Eastern Zhou as a response to the chaos and moral decay observed in society due to ongoing conflicts. Confucius emphasized values such as respect for authority, family loyalty, and ethical governance. These ideas gained traction during a time when traditional values were challenged by political instability, ultimately influencing Chinese culture for centuries. The emphasis on education and moral integrity became cornerstones of Chinese societal values.
• Evaluate the significance of the Warring States Period within the broader context of Eastern Zhou history and its lasting effects on China.
  • The Warring States Period was significant as it represented a culmination of conflict and competition among various regional states, leading to profound changes in political structures and warfare. This period not only highlighted advancements in military strategy but also set the stage for eventual unification under Qin Shi Huang in 221 BCE. The legacy of this era includes innovations in governance and philosophy that continue to resonate in Chinese culture today, emphasizing that even in turmoil, significant progress can occur.

Related terms

Spring and Autumn Period: A phase within the Eastern Zhou from 770 to 476 BCE, named after a historical text that chronicles the events of that time, highlighting the conflicts among various states.

Warring States Period: The latter part of the Eastern Zhou (475 to 221 BCE) marked by intense warfare among seven dominant states vying for control over China.

Confucianism: A philosophical system founded by Confucius during the Eastern Zhou, focusing on ethics, morality, and proper social relationships, which influenced Chinese culture deeply.