Enterocytes

Definition

Enterocytes are specialized cells lining the small intestine that play a crucial role in nutrient absorption. They facilitate the digestion and transport of dietary nutrients into the bloodstream.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Enterocytes have microvilli on their surface, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption.
2. They produce enzymes like lactase and sucrase that aid in carbohydrate digestion.
3. Enterocytes are involved in the active transport of amino acids, peptides, glucose, and electrolytes.
4. These cells have a high turnover rate, renewing every few days to maintain intestinal health.
5. Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption by enterocytes, highlighting their role in mineral uptake.

Review Questions

• What structural feature of enterocytes increases their efficiency in nutrient absorption?
• How do enterocytes contribute to carbohydrate digestion?
• Why is the rapid turnover of enterocytes important for gastrointestinal health?

Related terms

Microvilli:

Tiny hair-like projections on enterocytes that enhance nutrient absorption by increasing surface area.

Lactase:

An enzyme produced by enterocytes that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Active Transport:

A process used by enterocytes to move nutrients across cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.