Ii-v-i progression

Definition

The ii-v-i progression is a common chord sequence in music that moves from the supertonic (ii) chord to the dominant (v) chord and resolves to the tonic (i) chord. This progression is particularly significant in tonal music as it creates a strong sense of movement and resolution, often using seventh chords to enhance its harmonic richness. It's crucial to understand the role of chord symbols and seventh chords when analyzing and composing music that utilizes this progression.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The ii chord is typically a minor seventh chord in a major key, while the v chord is usually a dominant seventh chord.
2. The ii-v-i progression is often used in jazz and popular music for its smooth voice leading and strong resolution.
3. In a ii-v-i progression in C major, the ii chord would be D minor (Dm7), the v chord G7, and the i chord C major (Cmaj).
4. This progression can also appear in various inversions, which can change the bass notes and overall texture of the harmony.
5. Using substitutions like ii7b5 or altered dominant chords can add unique flavors to the traditional ii-v-i sequence.

Review Questions

• How does the ii-v-i progression function to create tension and resolution in a musical context?
  • The ii-v-i progression creates tension primarily through the dominant (v) chord, which naturally wants to resolve to the tonic (i) chord. The ii chord serves as a preparatory step that leads smoothly into the v chord. This tension arises from the inherent qualities of these chords, especially when using seventh chords; for example, the tritone interval within a dominant seventh chord creates a strong pull towards resolution. As such, the ii-v-i progression effectively guides listeners through harmonic movement toward a satisfying conclusion.
• Describe how understanding chord symbols can enhance your ability to use ii-v-i progressions in composition.
  • Understanding chord symbols allows composers to quickly identify and communicate harmonic structures like the ii-v-i progression. By recognizing that Dm7 is the ii chord, G7 is the v chord, and Cmaj is the i chord in C major, composers can easily incorporate these chords into their pieces. Additionally, familiarity with different inversions or extensions indicated by chord symbols can inspire variations and creative arrangements of this classic progression, enriching their compositions.
• Evaluate how the use of seventh chords within a ii-v-i progression influences its application across various musical styles.
  • The incorporation of seventh chords in a ii-v-i progression significantly enhances its versatility across genres. In jazz, for instance, musicians often employ altered dominant chords or extended harmonies to introduce complexity and sophisticated sounds. In pop music, while simpler triads might be used, adding sevenths creates emotional depth and richness. The tension generated by seventh chords is universal; it drives compositions forward and engages listeners regardless of style. Thus, understanding this relationship enables composers and performers to navigate diverse musical landscapes effectively.

Related terms

Chord Symbols: Notation used to represent chords, typically including the root note and quality (major, minor, diminished, etc.), allowing musicians to quickly understand harmonic structures.

Seventh Chord: A four-note chord that includes a root, third, fifth, and a seventh interval, providing a more complex sound and greater tension leading to resolution.

Tonic: The first scale degree of a key, serving as the home base or point of rest in tonal music, typically represented by the I chord.