Dominant Seventh

Definition

A dominant seventh chord is a four-note chord formed by combining a major triad with a minor seventh above the root. This chord is crucial in Western music, especially in establishing tension that resolves to the tonic chord. Its unique structure and function make it a pivotal element in harmonic progressions, guiding the listener's ear toward resolution while also allowing for interesting variations through inversions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The dominant seventh chord is notated as V7 in Roman numeral analysis, indicating its role as the fifth degree with an added seventh.
2. This chord consists of four notes: the root, major third, perfect fifth, and minor seventh, creating a distinctive sound that demands resolution.
3. Dominant seventh chords often lead to tonic chords, creating strong harmonic movement and a sense of closure in music.
4. Inversions of the dominant seventh chord can change its function and voice leading, making it versatile in various musical contexts.
5. Composers frequently use dominant seventh chords to create tension and anticipation, especially before resolving to a tonic or other stable harmony.

Review Questions

• How does the dominant seventh chord function within harmonic progressions?
  • The dominant seventh chord plays a crucial role in harmonic progressions by creating tension that typically resolves to the tonic. This strong pull towards resolution occurs because the minor seventh creates dissonance that needs to be resolved. When moving from V7 to I, this resolution establishes a sense of closure and stability, making it essential for composers to craft effective musical narratives.
• Discuss the differences in sound and function between root position and inverted forms of the dominant seventh chord.
  • Root position of the dominant seventh chord has a stable sound with the root in the bass, providing clear resolution to the tonic. Inverted forms change the bass note, altering how the chord feels and leading to different voice-leading possibilities. For example, a first inversion may create smoother transitions between chords by minimizing voice movement and can enhance harmonic variety within a progression.
• Evaluate how composers utilize dominant seventh chords to enhance their musical storytelling techniques across different genres.
  • Composers utilize dominant seventh chords to enhance musical storytelling by manipulating tension and resolution. In genres like jazz, these chords may appear more frequently with extensions and alterations, adding complexity and color. In classical music, they serve as pivotal points within sonata form or cadences. By understanding how these chords interact with surrounding harmonies, composers can effectively guide listeners through emotional arcs and dramatic moments within their compositions.

Related terms

Tonic: The first scale degree of a key, serving as the tonal center or 'home' chord to which other chords typically resolve.

Subdominant:

The fourth scale degree in a key, often functioning as a transitional chord leading to the dominant or tonic.

Inversion: The rearrangement of the notes in a chord so that a different note is in the bass position, affecting the chord's stability and function.